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The Twins Study encompassed 10 separate investigators who coordinated and shared all data and analysis as one large, integrated research team. The study focused on four categories of research split into 10 investigations to evaluate identical twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly (both now retired). These investigations provided broader insight into the subtle effects and changes that may occur in spaceflight as compared to Earth. This was done by studying two individuals with the same genetics, living in different environments for one year.

The ten individual investigations are listed below by short name and long name.

MetabolomicsProteomics  |   Cognition  MicrobiomeTelomeres  |   Epigenomics  |   Biochemical  |  Gene Expression  |  Integrative Omics  |  Immunome