High-Efficiency Electrified Aircraft Thermal Research (HEATheR) 

The HEATheR project helps develop innovative power and thermal management systems to increase aircraft efficiency with minimal design barriers.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Thermal Analysis of Potted Litz Wire for High-Power-Density Aerospace Electric Machines	Woodworth et al.	22 August, 2019
Progress Toward the Critical Design of the Superconducting Rotor for NASA’s 1.4 MW High-Efficiency Electric Machine	Scheidler et al.	22 August, 2019
High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design	Jansen et al.	22 August, 2019
High Efficiency Megawatt Machine Rotating Cryocooler Conceptual Design	Dyson et al.	22 August, 2019
Electromagnetic Redesign of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Tallerico et al.	24 August, 2020
Select Variables Affecting Thermal System Design of a Liquid-Cooled Stator	Woodworth et al.	24 August, 2020
Heat Flux Requirements for Electrified Aircraft Wing Anti-Ice Systems	Heersema	18 August, 2020
Development of a Thermal Management System for Electrified Aircraft	Chapman et al.	6 January, 2020
Computational Evaluation of an OML-based Heat Exchanger Concept for HEATheR”	Sozer et al.	24 August, 2020
Multidisciplinary Systems Analysis of a Six Passenger Quadrotor Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Powertrain	Thomas et al.	24 August, 2020
Assessment of the Impact of an Advanced Power System on a Turboelectric Single-Aisle Concept Aircraft	Schnulo et al.	24 August, 2020
Thermal Management System Design for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Concepts	Chapman et al.	24 August, 2020

High-Efficiency Megawatt Motor (HEMM)

A 1.4 megawatt electric machine being developed to improve efficiency in future aircraft with electrified propulsion systems.

Title	Author(s)	Location / Date
Overview
Risk Reduction Testing of Superconducting Coils for the High Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Scheidler, Tallerico, Torres, and Miller	2022 AIAA SciTech Forum
Electromagnetic Redesign of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Tallerico, Scheidler, Lee, and Haran	2020 AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS)
Integrated Design
Concept Design a 1.4 MW Inverter for Rotor Loss Minimization in a Partially Superconducting Motor	Granger, Tallerico, Anderson, Scheidler, Kascak, Leary, and Jansen	2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)
Concept Design for a 5 MW Partially Superconducting Generator	Tallerico, Anderson, Scheidler, Jansen, and Sixel	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2023
Concept Design of a 5 MW Axial Flux Partially Superconducting Electric Machine	Tallerico, Anderson, and Scheidler	AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition 2024
Combined Analysis of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor and Its Converter	Granger, Anderson, Maroli, Tallerico, and Scheidler	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2021
Design Optimization Studies of Partially Superconducting Machines Based on NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Tallerico, Anderson, and Scheidler	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2021, 20210018004
High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design	Jansen, Scheidler, Tallerico, Kascak, Woodworth, Smith, Dyson, Sixel, Thompson, Stalcup, De Jesus-Arce, Avanesian, Duffy, Passe, and Szpak	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2020, AIAA-2020-3559
High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Conceptual Design	Jansen, De Jesus-Arce, Kascak, Dyson, Woodworth, Scheidler, Edwards, Stalcup, Wilhite, Duffy Passe, and McCormick	AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition 2018
Improved Potting of Litz Wires for High Power Density Electric Motor	Shin	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2021
Scaling Electric Machines to Megawatt and Material Options	Woodworth, Sixel, Williams, Fuschs, Kelly, Santiago, Vailonis, Pineda, Nguyen, and Naghipour	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2023
High Efficiency Megawatt Machine Rotating Cryocooler Conceptual Design	Dyson, Jansen, Duffy, and Passe	2019 AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium
Superconducting Rotor
Concept Design of a 1.4 MW Drive for Rotor Loss Minimization in a Partially Superconducting Motor	Granger, Tallerico, Anderson, Scheidler, Kascak, Leary, and Jansen	2022 IEEE/AIAA Transportation Electrification Conference and Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (ITEC+EATS)
Cryogenic Vacuum Chamber Testing of A Conductively-Cooled, High Temperature Superconducting Rotor for a 1.4 MW Electric Machine for Aeronautics Applications	Scheidler, Stalcup, Tallerico, Torres, Duffy, and Mulder	25th Joint Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference 2023
Design, Fabrication, and Critical Current Testing of No-Insulation Superconducting Rotor Coils for NASA’s 1.4 MW High-Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Scheidler and Tallerico	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2018
Design Implications of Rotordynamics and Mass Balancing on a 1.4 MW Partially Superconducting Machine	Duffy and Scheidler	AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition 2024
Methodology for Electromagnetic Optimization of a Partially Superconducting 1.4 MW Electric Machine for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion	Scheidler and Tallerico	Applied Superconductivity Conference 2022
Risk Reduction Testing of Superconducting Coils for the High Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Scheidler, Tallerico, Torres, and Miller	2022 AIAA SciTech
Static Testing of A Conductively-Cooled, High Temperature Superconducting Rotor for A 1.4 MW Electric Machine in a Thermal Vacuum Chamber	Scheidler, Stalcup, Tallerico, Torres, Duffy, and Mulder	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2023
Progress Toward the Critical Design of the Superconducting Rotor for NASA’s 1.4 MW High Efficiency Electric Machine	Scheidler, Tallerico, Miller, and Torres	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2019
Preliminary Design of the Superconducting Rotor for NASA’s High-Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Scheidler	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2018
Design, Fabrication, and Critical Current Testing of No-Insulation Superconducting Rotor Coils for NASA’s High-Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Scheidler and Tallerico	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2018
Stator
High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Stator Thermal Performance	Woodworth, Sixel, Jansen, and Szpak	AIAA AVIATION Forum and Exposition 2024
Select Variables Affecting Thermal System Design of a Liquid-Cooled Stator	Woodworth, Smith, Jansen, and Szpak	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2020
Thermal Analysis of Potted Litz Wire for High-Power-Density Aerospace Electric Machines	Woodworth, Smith, Sixel, Edwards,  Jansen, McCormick, Robbie, Szpak, Naghipour, and Shin	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2019
Cryocooler
Dynamic Bellows for a Pulse Tube Cryocooler Application	Duffy and Szpak	AIAA SciTech Forum 2021
High Efficiency Megawatt Machine Rotating Cyrocooler Conceptual Design	Dyson, Jansen, Duffy, and Passe	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technology Symposium 2019
Awards
Best Paper for a Component: Electromagnetic Redesign of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor	Tallerico, Scheidler, Lee, and Haran	AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium 2020

Circuit Breakers

NASA develops lightweight circuit-breaking devices with rapid response times to help protect aircraft systems from potential electrical safety issues.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Electric Aircraft Thermal Management Using a Two-Phase Heat Transport System with Solid-State Thermal Switching Capability	Diebold et al.	08 July, 2021
Electric Aircraft Cooling with Bio-Inspired Exergy Management	Dyson	24 July, 2020
Solid-State Exergy Optimized Electric Aircraft Thermal and Fault Management	Dyson et al.	24 July, 2020
A Generalized Power System Architecture Sizing and Analysis Framework	Sadey et al.	17 September, 2018
Architecture, Voltage, and Componenets for a Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Electric Grid (AVC-TeDP)	Gemin et al.	31 July, 2015

Motor Control Software

Motor control software is a model that can be used to automatically generate code for flight software in various electrified aircraft. 

Title	Author(s)	Date
Utilizing Code Generation from Models for Electric Aircraft Motor Controller Flight Software	Maroli et al.	15 June, 2023

Control Systems

Explore the tools and technologies designed to improve electrified aircraft control system operations.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Control and Scaling Approach for the Emulation of Dynamic Subscale Torque Loads	Bianco et al.	2023
Adaptive Control and Scaling Approach for the Emulation of Dynamic Sub-scale Torque Loads	Bianco et al.	8-12 January, 2024
Harnessing the Digital Transformation for Development of Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Control Systems	Litt	1 October, 2023
Reversionary Control Modes for the Mitigation of Failures in a Partially Turboelectric Aircraft Propulsion System	Simon et al.	24-28 June, 2024
Integrated Control Design for A Partially Turboelectric Aircraft Propulsion System	Simon et al.	1 August, 2023
A Comparison of Model Predictive Control Architectures for Application to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Systems	Hill et al.	24-28 June, 2024
System-Level Control Concepts for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Systems	Simon	1 January, 2022
Hybrid Electric Aircraft with Unlike Engine Degradation	Buescher and Connolly	24-28 June, 2024
Failure Behavior and Control-Based Mitigation for a Parallel Hybrid Propulsion System	Kratz and Simon	8-112 January, 2024
Comparing the Electrical Modeling and Thermal Analysis Toolbox Simulation Data to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Test Hardware Data	Bell et al.	12-16 June, 2023
Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Controls Hardware Testing	Connolly et al.	12-16 June, 2023

Turbine Electrified Energy Management (TEEM) 

TEEM is a control technology designed to enhance performance and efficiency of hybrid electric aircraft engines.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Model Predictive Control Strategies for Turbine Electrified Energy Management	Hill et al.	1 August, 2023
Transient Optimization for the Betterment of Turbine Electrified Energy Management	Kratz et al.	23 January, 2023
Transient Optimization of an Electrified Gas Turbine Engine Using Machine Learning	Litt et al.	18 January, 2023
Turbine Electrified Energy Management for Single Aisle Aircraft	Kratz et al.	24 April, 2022
Failure Modes and Mitigation Strategies for a Turboelectric Aircraft Concept with Turbine Electrified Energy Management	Kratz and Simon	26 November, 2021
Exploration of the Versatile Electrically Augmented Turbine Engine Gearbox Concept	Culley and Kratz	07 July, 2021
Enhancement of an Electrified Tilt-Wing Propulsion System using Turbine Electrified Energy Management	Culley and Kratz	01 December, 2020
A Control Strategy for Turbine Electrified Energy Management	Kratz et al.	01 October, 2019
Evaluation of Electrical System Requirements for Implementing Turbine Electrified Energy Management	Kratz et al.	04 September, 2019
Turbine Electrified Energy Management (TEEM) For Enabling More Efficient Engine Designs	Culley et al.	25 April, 2019

Electrical Insulation

NASA explores new composite materials to help increase thermal conductivity in electric machines for future electrified aircraft systems.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Electrical Endurance to Extrinsic Aging of Polyphenylsulfone-Boron Nitride Composite Insulation for Aeronautical Power Systems	Lizcano et al.	29 July 29 – 2 August, 2024

Power Converters

Learn more about NASA’s research in developing more efficient power converters for advanced electrified aircraft.

Title	Author(s)	Date
X-57 Maxwell High Lift Motor Controller Electromagnetic Interference Test Results	Garrett et al.	27 September, 2024

Soft Magnetic Materials

Soft magnetic materials allow electrified aircraft systems to operate at higher frequencies and temperatures with minimal power loss and waste heat to increase vehicle performance and efficiency.

Title	Author(s)	Date
NASA’s Magnetic Gearing Research for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion	Scheidler et al.	12 July, 2018
The Impact of Soft Magnetic Materials in Electrified Aircraft Applications	Leary	12 September, 2023

Thermal Management

Read more about new methods for effectively managing heat in electrified aircraft systems.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Development of a Thermal Management System for Electrified Aircraft	Chapman et al.	1 March, 2020
Novel Thermal Energy Conversion Technologies for Advanced Electric Air Vehicles	Dyson	12 July, 2018

Miscellaneous

Explore a collection of electrified aircraft propulsion technologies in development at NASA.

Title	Author(s)	Date
Dynamic Bellows for a Pulse Tube Cryocooler Application	Duffy et al.	3-7 January, 2022
Electric Aircraft Propulsion Power System Impedance Modelling Methodology	Kascak et al.	11-13 August, 2021
An Approach for Utilizing Power Flow Modeling for Simulations of Hybrid Electric Propulsion Systems	Chapman and Litt	1 October, 2018
Multidisciplinary Optimization of Urban-Air-Mobility Class Aircraft Trajectories with Acoustic Constraints	Falck et al.	12 July, 2018
Creating a Multifunctional Composite Stator Slot Material System to Enable High Power Density Electric Machines for Electrified Aircraft Applications	Woodworth et al.	12 July, 2018
Dynamic Analysis of the hFan, a Parallel Hybrid Electric Turbofan Engine	Thomas et al.	11 July, 2018