Messier 12

Astronomers suspect Messier 12 lost up to one million low-mass stars.

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Distance

23,000 light-years

Apparent Magnitude

7.7

constellation

Ophiuchus

object type

Globular Cluster

Hubble image of Messier 12
Because globular clusters like M12 have such high concentrations of stars, they often contain binary star systems — systems of two stars that are locked in orbit around each other. As the stars interact, material from one star can be transferred to its companion, producing X-rays in the process. These X-rays serve as a signature of interacting binary systems, and many have been detected in M12. This is unexpected because M12 is a relatively diffuse globular cluster, so stars should be less likely to interact than if they were in clusters with a higher concentration of stars. M12 also has fewer low-mass stars than expected. Astronomers suspect that gravity has ripped many low-mass stars from M12 as the cluster passed through denser regions of the Milky Way during its orbit around the galaxy’s center. M12 is thought to have lost up to one million stars this way.
ESA/Hubble & NASA

M12 was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. The globular cluster is located 23,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Ophiuchus. It has an apparent magnitude of 7.7 and can be observed with a pair of binoculars most easily in July.

Because globular clusters like M12 have such high concentrations of stars, they often contain binary star systems — systems of two stars that are locked in orbit around each other. As the stars interact, material from one star can be transferred to its companion, producing X-rays in the process. These X-rays serve as a signature of interacting binary systems, and many have been detected in M12. This is unexpected because M12 is a relatively diffuse globular cluster, so stars should be less likely to interact than if they were in clusters with a higher concentration of stars.

M12 also has fewer low-mass stars than expected. Astronomers suspect that gravity has ripped many low-mass stars from M12 as the cluster passed through denser regions of the Milky Way during its orbit around the galaxy’s center. M12 is thought to have lost up to one million stars this way.

Hubble’s image of M12’s center was taken using both visible and infrared observations.

For more information about Hubble’s observations of M12, see:

Locator sky chart for Messier 12. Black background with stars and constellation outlines. Constellations include Ophiuchus (top center) and Scorpius (bottom center).
This star chart for M12 represents the view from mid-northern latitudes for the given month and time.
Image courtesy of Stellarium

Explore Hubble's Messier Catalog

The following pages contain some of Hubble’s best images of Messier objects.

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Messier 1 (The Crab Nebula)

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Messier 2

Hubble's image of Messier 2 is comprised of visible and infrared wavelengths of light.

Hubble view of M3 - a ball of thousands of stars.

Messier 3

Messier 3 holds more than 500,000 stars.