Tracing the Growth of Galaxies

Like documenting a child’s development in a scrapbook, astronomers use Hubble to capture the appearance of many developing galaxies throughout cosmic time. This is possible because of the mathematical relationship between cosmic distance and time: the deeper Hubble peers into space, the farther back it looks in time. This occurs because light travels at a fast, but finite speed, and it takes time to travel the incredible distance from galaxies far, far away. When this light finally reaches Earth, it shows us the object as it appeared at the time its light was emitted. As it happens, the most distant and earliest galaxies spied by Hubble are smaller and more irregularly shaped than today's grand spiral and elliptical galaxies. This is evidence that galaxies grew over time through mergers with other galaxies to become the giant systems we see today.

The field of view is filled with galaxies in all shapes, sizes, colors, and galaxy types. All against a black backdrop.

Hubble’s Ultra Deep Field is one of the most distant looks into space ever. The cumulative exposure time needed to capture the image was about a million seconds (11 days).

NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team

Because the universe was smaller in the past, galaxies were more likely to interact with one another gravitationally. Some of Hubble’s cosmic “snapshots” show fantastic stellar streamers pulled out and flung across space by colliding galaxies. They apparently settled over time into the more familiarly shaped galaxies seen closer to Earth and hence nearer to the present time. By carefully studying galaxies at different epochs, astronomers can see how galaxies changed and evolved over time. Among the things they investigate are the relative amounts of stars and gas in galaxies, the types and amounts of identifiable chemical elements they hold, and star-formation rates.

This scientific visualization flies through a 3D model of the HUDF galaxies. Each of the more than 5,000 galaxies in the model was cut out of the HUDF image and placed at its appropriate distance (as calculated from redshift measurements). The virtual camera flies through this long, thin galaxy dataset, showing how galaxy sizes, shapes, and colors change as one looks both out in space and back in time. Note that, in order to traverse the cosmos in a reasonable amount of time, the distance scale in the model was compressed by a factor of a few hundred. Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon, T. Borders, L. Frattare, Z. Levay and F. Summers (STScI)

Faint, distant galaxies, observed by Hubble. They are arranged on four columns and seven rows. Most appear as red splotches. A few of the images also hold regions of yellow, blue, and or green pixels.

A sample of the faintest and farthest galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field shows that they were irregularly shaped and frequently interacting in the distant past.

NASA, ESA, R. Bouwens and G. Illingworth (University of California, Santa Cruz)

Hubble observations of our neighboring galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy (M31), show that the galaxy is moving ever closer to an inevitable collision with our own Milky Way galaxy.

Andromeda is currently 2.5 million light-years away, but it and the Milky Way are moving toward each other under the mutual pull of gravity between the two galaxies and the invisible dark matter that surrounds them both. The merger will begin about four billion years from now and will likely result in the creation of a giant elliptical galaxy.

This simulation shows the view of the night sky throughout the merger of our Milky Way galaxy and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy.
NASA, ESA, Z. Levay, R. van der Marel and G. Bacon (STScI), T. Hallas and A. Mellinger

Learn More

Field is filled with galaxies in colors of white, yellow, blue-white, and red; all on a black background.

Hubble's Deepest View Ever of the Universe Unveils Earliest Galaxies

Hubble's Ultra Deep Field is a million-second-long exposure revealing the first galaxies to emerge from the so-called "dark ages," the time shortly after the big bang when the first stars reheated the cold, dark universe.

faint, distant galaxies, observed by Hubble

Hubble Finds Hundreds of Young Galaxies in Early Universe

Hubble uncovered a gold mine of galaxies, more than 500 that existed less than a billion years after the Big Bang.

Hubble Goes to the eXtreme to Assemble Farthest View of the Universe

The eXtreme Deep Field was assembled by combining 10 years of Hubble photographs taken of a patch of sky at the center of the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

illustration of merging galaxies in night sky with rocky landscape silhouette in foreground

Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collison with Andromeda Galaxy

Hubble measurements of the motion of Andromeda show the galaxy is now 2.5 million light-years away, but it is falling toward the Milky Way under the mutual pull of gravity between the two galaxies and the invisible dark matter that surrounds them both.