NASA Astronaut Fact Book
The NASA Astronaut Fact Book provides information on the 360 explorers who have been selected as astronauts since NASA’s first class in 1959.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Updated Jan 2023
NASA Astronaut Fact Book
Exploration is really the essence of the human spirit.
Frank Borman
Preface
(NASA) selected the first group of astronauts in 1959. From 500 candidates having the required jet aircraft flight experience and engineering training, as well as height below 5 feet 11 inches, seven military men became the nation’s first astronauts. The second and third groups chosen included civilians with extensive flying experience. By 1964, requirements changed, and emphasis was placed on academic qualifications; in 1965, six scientist astronauts were selected from a group of 400 applicants who had a doctorate or equivalent experience in the natural sciences, medicine, or engineering. The group named in 1978, NASA Class 8, was the first of the space shuttle flight crews and the first class with women and minority astronauts. In 2013, the astronaut class was
fifty percent women and fifty percent men.
The most recent astronaut candidate group named in December 2021, NASA Class 23, is training for a variety of missions, including performing research on the International Space Station, launching from American soil on spacecraft built by commercial companies, and departing for missions to the Moon with Artemis. The 2021 astronaut candidate class came from more than 12,000 applications. More information about NASA’s astronauts can be found at www.nasa.gov/astronauts.
Since inception, NASA has selected 360 astronaut candidates: 299 men, 61 women; 212 military, 138 civilians; 191 pilots, 159 non-pilots.
As of Jan. 2023, there are 41 active astronauts, 18 management astronauts, 10 astronaut candidates, and 288 former astronauts or payload specialists, including those who have left NASA, and those who are deceased.
The spaceflights and statistics listed in this publication resulted from the vertical takeoff of an American space vehicle or Soyuz taxi flight to the International Space Station.
Astronauts listed (unless otherwise noted) are individuals who participated in the United States astronaut program. Additionally, the payload specialist is a professional in the physical or life sciences or a technician skilled in specific equipment or experimentation that will fly. Selection of a payload specialist for a mission is made by the payload sponsor or customer. For NASA-sponsored spacecraft or experiments requiring a payload specialist, the specialist is nominated by an investigator working group and approved by NASA. Payload specialists for major non-NASA payloads or experiments are selected by the sponsoring organization. Payload specialists do not have to be U.S. citizens. However, they must meet strict NASA health and physical fitness standards. These individuals are included in the “Biographical Sketches.”
NASA selects astronauts from a diverse pool of applicants with a wide variety of backgrounds. From the thousands of applications received, only a few are chosen for the intensive astronaut candidate training program. For more information on astronaut selection, please check online at www.nasa.gov/astronauts for the latest information.
Astronaut biographies can be found online at: https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts.
Contents
- 1.0 LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS
- 2.0 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
- 3.0 U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUPS
- 4.0 CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR
- 5.0 ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES
- 6.0 ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES
- 7.0 ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS
- 8.0 MILITARY ASTRONAUTS
- 9.0 U.S. SPACE PROGRAM HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
1.0 LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS
2.0 Biographical Sketches
2.1 Active U.S. Astronauts
***There are 38 active NASA astronauts as of Oct. 2023***
- BARRATT, Michael R., M.D.
- Born April 16, 1959, in Vancouver, Wash.; hometown: Camas, Wash.
- Bachelor of Science in Zoology from University of Washington
- Doctor of Medicine from Northwestern University
- Master of Science in Aerospace Medicine from Wright State University
- Expedition 19/20 on Soyuz in 2009
- STS-133 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2011
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 5 hours, 6 minutes
- Total time in space: 212 days
- BARRON, Kayla J., Lieutenant, U.S. Navy
- Born Sept. 19, 1987, in Pocatello, Idaho; hometown: Richland, Wash.
- Bachelor of Science in Systems Engineering from U.S. Naval Academy
- Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering from University of Cambridge
- Crew-3 and Expedition 66/67 on crew Dragon Endurance in 2021-2022
- 2 spacewalks: 13 hours, 26 minutes
- Total time in space: 177 days
- BOE, Eric A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born Oct. 1, 1964, in Miami, Fla.; hometown: Atlanta, Ga.
- Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology
- STS-126 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2008
- STS-133 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2011
- Total time in space: 28 days
- BOWEN, Stephen G., Captain, U.S. Navy (retired)
- Born Feb. 13, 1964, in Cohasset, Mass.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy
- Master of Science in Ocean Engineering from MIT
- STS-126 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2008
- STS-132 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2010
- STS-133 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2011
- 7 spacewalks for a total time of 47 hours, 18 minutes
- Total time in space: 40 days
- BRESNIK, Randolph J., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps
- Born Sept.11, 1967, in Fort Knox, Ky.; hometown: Santa Monica, Calif.
- Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics from The Citadel
- Master of Science in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville
- Graduate of Air War College
- STS-129 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2009
- Expedition 52/53 on Soyuz in 2017
- 5 spacewalks for a total time of 32 hours
- Total time in space: 149 days
- CARDMAN, Zena M.
- Born Oct. 26, 1987, in Urbana, Ill.; hometown: Williamsburg, Va.
- Bachelor of Science in Biology from University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Master of Science in Marine Sciences from University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Total time in space: 0
- CASSADA, Josh A., Ph.D., Captain (Sel), U.S. Navy
- Born July 18, 1973, in San Diego, Calif.; hometown: White Bear Lake, Minn.
- Bachelor of Arts in Physics from Albion College
- Master of Arts in Physics with specialty in high particle physics from University of Rochester
- Total time in space: 0
- CHARI, Raja J.V., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force
- Born June 24, 1977, in Milwaukee, Wis.; hometown: Cedar Falls, Iowa
- Bachelor of Science in Astronautical Engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Science in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from MIT
- Crew-3 and Expedition 66/67 on Crew Dragon Endurance in 2021-2022
- 2 spacewalks for a total of 13 hours and 8 minutes
- Total time in space: 177 days
- DOMINICK, Matthew S., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy
- Born Dec. 7, 1981, in Wheat Ridge, Colo.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from University of San Diego
- Master of Systems Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School
- Total time in space: 0
- DYSON, Tracy C., Ph.D.
- Born Aug. 14, 1969, in Arcadia, Calif.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in chemistry from California State University-Fullerton
- Doctor of Philosophy in physical chemistry from the University of California-Davis
- STS-118 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2007
- Expedition 23/24 on Soyuz in 2010
- 3 spacewalks for a total time of 22 hours, 49 minutes
- Total time in space: 188 days
- EPPS, Jeanette J., Ph.D.
- Born Nov. 3, 1970, in Syracuse, N.Y.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Physics from LeMoyne College
- Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Aerospace Engineering from University of Maryland
- Total time in space: 0
- FINCKE, Edward M. “Mike,” Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born March 14, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pa; hometown: Emsworth, Pa.
- Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics from MIT
- Bachelor of Science in Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences from MIT
- Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics from Stanford University
- Master of Science in Physical Sciences (Planetary Geology) from University of Houston-Clear Lake
- Expedition 9 on Soyuz in 2004
- Expedition 18 on Soyuz in 2008
- STS-134 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2011
- 9 spacewalks for a total time of 48 hours, 36 minutes
- Total time in space: 381 days
- GLOVER, Victor J., Commander, U.S. Navy
- Born April 30, 1976, in Pomona, Calif.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in General Engineering from California Polytechnic State University
- Master of Science in Flight Test Engineering from Air University
- Master of Science in Systems Engineering from Naval Post Graduate School
- Master of Military Operational Art and Science from Air University
- Crew-1 and Expedition 64/65 on Crew Dragon Resilience in 2020-2021
- 4 spacewalks for a total time of 26 hours, 7 minutes
- Total time in space: 167 days
- HAGUE, Tyler N. “Nick”, Colonel, U.S. Space Force
- Born Sept. 24, 1975, in Belleville, Kan.; hometown: Hoxie, Kan.
- Bachelor of Science in Astronautical Engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Science in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Expedition 59/60 on Soyuz in 2019
- 3 spacewalks for a total time of 19 hours, 56 minutes
- Total time in space: 202 days
- HINES, Robert “Bob” T., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force
- Born Jan. 11, 1975, in Fayetteville, N.C.; hometown: Harrisburg, Pa.
- Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from Boston University
- Master of Science in Flight Test Engineering from U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School
- Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from University of Alabama
- Crew-4 and Expedition 67/68 on Crew Dragon Freedom in 2022
- Total time in space: Mission ongoing
- HOBURG, Warren “Woody” W., Ph.D.
- Born Sept. 16, 1985, in Pittsburgh, Pa.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in aeronautics and stronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Doctorate in electrical engineering and computer science from University of California, Berkeley
- Crew-6 and Expedition 69 on Crew Dragon Endeavour in 2023
- 2 spacewalks for a total of 11 hours and 38 minutes
- Total time in space: 186 days
- KIM, Jonny Y., M.D., Lieutenant, U.S. Navy
- Born Feb. 5, 1984, in Los Angeles; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from University of San Diego
- Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School
- Total time in space: 0
2.2 U.S. Management Astronauts
- ACABA, Joseph M.
- Educator astronaut
- Born May 17, 1967, in Inglewood, Calif.; hometown: Anaheim, Calif.
- Bachelor of Science in geology from the University of California-Santa Barbara
- Master of Science in geology from University of Arizona
- STS-119 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2009
- Expedition 31/32 on Soyuz in 2012
- Expeditions 53/54 on Soyuz in 2018
- 3 spacewalks for a total time of 19 hours, 46 minutes
- Total time in space: 306 days
- ARNOLD, Richard R., II
- Educator astronaut
- Born Nov. 26, 1963, in Cheverly, Md.; hometown: Bowie, Md.
- Bachelor of Science in Accounting from Frostburg State University
- Master of Science in Marine, Estuarine and Environmental Science from University of Maryland
- STS-119 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2009
- Expedition 55/56 on Soyuz in 2018
- 5 spacewalks for a total time of 32 hours, 4 minutes
- Total time in space: 209 days
- AUÑÓN-CHANCELLOR, Serena M., M.D.
- Born April 9, 1976, in Indianapolis, Ind.; hometown: Fort Collins, Colo.
- Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from George Washington University
- Doctor of Medicine from the University of Texas – Health Science Center in Houston
- Expedition 56/57 on Soyuz in 2018
- Total time in space: 197 days
- BOWERSOX, Kenneth D., Captain, U.S. Navy (retired)
- Born Nov. 14, 1956, in Portsmouth, Va.; hometown: Bedford, Ind.
- Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy
- Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Columbia University
- STS-50 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1992
- STS-61 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1993
- STS-73 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1995
- STS-82 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1997
- Expedition 6: STS-113 Endeavour (up) in 2002 and Soyuz (down) in 2003
- 2 spacewalks with total time of 13 hours, 17 minutes
- Total time in space: 211 days
- CABANA, Robert D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (retired)
- Born Jan. 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minn.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy
- STS-41 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1990
- STS-53 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1992
- STS-65 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1994
- STS-88 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1998
- Total time in space: 37 days, 22 hours, 42 minutes
- CAGLE, Yvonne D., M.D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born April 24, 1959, in West Point, N.Y.; hometown: Novato, Calif.
- Bachelor of Arts in Biochemistry from San Francisco State University
- Doctor of Medicine from the University of Washington
- Certified senior aviation medical examiner from FAA
- Total time in space: 0
- CREAMER, Timothy J. “T.J.”, Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)
- Born Nov. 15, 1959, in Fort Huachuca, Ariz.; hometown: Upper Marlboro, Md.
- Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Loyola College
- Master of Science in Physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Expedition 22/23 on Soyuz in 2010
- Total time in space: 163 days
- DREW, B. Alvin, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born Nov. 5, 1962, in Washington, D.C.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Astronautical Engineering and Physics from the U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Aerospace Science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
- Master of Strategic Studies in Political Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy
- STS-118 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2007
- STS-133 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2011
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 12 hours, 48 minutes
- Total time in space: 25 days
- FORRESTER, Patrick G., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)
- Born March 31, 1957, in El Paso, Texas; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Applied Sciences and Engineering from U.S. Military Academy
- Master of Science in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from University of Virginia
- STS-105 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2001
- STS-117 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2007
- STS-128 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2009
- 4 spacewalks for a total time of 25 hours, 30 minutes
- Total time in space: 39 days
- KELLY, James “Jim” M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born May 14, 1964, in Burlington, Iowa; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Astronautical Engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from University of Alabama
- STS-102 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2001
- STS-114 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2005
- Total time in space: 26 days
- LINNEHAN, Richard M., B.S., D.V.M., MPA
- Born Sept. 19, 1957, in Lowell Mass.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Animal Sciences (minor in microbiology) from University of New Hampshire
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
- Master of Public Administration from The Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
- STS-78 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1996
- STS-90 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1998
- STS-109 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 2002
- STS-123 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2008
- 6 spacewalks for a total time of 42 hours, 12 minutes
- Total time in space: 59 days
- LOVE, Stanley G., Ph.D.
- Born June 8, 1965, in San Diego, Calif.; hometown: Eugene, Ore.
- Bachelor of Science in Physics from Harvey Mudd College
- Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Astronomy from University of Washington
- STS-122 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2008
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 15 hours, 23 minutes
- Total time in space: 12 days
- MELROY, Pamela A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born Sept 17, 1961, in Palo Alto, Calif.; hometown Rochester, N.Y.
- Bachelor of Science in Physics & Astronomy from Wellesley College
- Master of Science in Earth and Planetary Sciences from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- STS-92 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2000
- STS-112 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2002
- STS-120 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2007
- Total time in space: 38 days
- MORIN, Lee M., M.D., Ph.D., Captain, U.S. Navy (retired)
- Born Sept. 9, 1952, in Manchester, N.H.; hometown: same
- Bachelor of Science in Mathematical/Electrical Science from the University of New Hampshire
- Master of Science in Biochemistry from New York University
- Doctor of Medicine from New York University
- Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology from New York University
- Master of Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Master of Physics from University of Houston-Clear Lake
- STS-110 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2002
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 14 hours, 7 minutes
- Total time in space: 10 days
- WILLIAMS, Jeffrey “Jeff” N., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)
- Born Jan. 18, 1958, in Superior, Wis.; hometown: Winter, Wis.
- Bachelor of Science in Applied Science and Engineering from the U.S. Military Academy
- Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S Naval Postgraduate School
- Master of Arts in National Security and Strategic Studies from the U.S. Naval War College
- STS-101 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2000
- Expedition 13 on Soyuz in 2006
- Expeditions 21/22 on Soyuz in 2009
- Expeditions 47/48 on Soyuz in 2016
- 5 spacewalks for a total time of 31 hours, 55 minutes
- Total time in space: 534 days
2.3 NASA Astronaut Candidates
- AYERS, V. Nichole, Major, U.S. Air Force
- Born ,1989, in San Diego, Cal.; hometown: Divide, Colorado
- Bachelor of Science in Mathematics with a minor in Russian from the U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Science in Computational and Applied Mathematics from Rice University
- BERRIOS, G. Marcos, Ph.D., Major, U.S. Air Force
- Born, 1984 Fort Campbell, TN.; hometown: Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
- Doctorate in Aeronautics from Stanford University
- U.S. Naval Test Pilot School
- BIRCH, M. Christina, Ph.D.
- Born Nov.17, 1986, in Mesa, Ariz.; hometown: Gilbert, Arizona
- Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from University of Arizona
- Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics with a minor in Spanish from University of Arizona
- Doctorate in Biological Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- BURNHAM, M. Deniz, Lieutenant, U.S. Navy
- Born in 1985 at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey; home: Wasilla, Alaska
- Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from University of California
- Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from University of Southern California
- DELANEY, Luke, Major, U.S. Marine Corps, (retired)
- Born in 1979 Miami FL.; hometown: DeBary, Florida
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from University of North Florida
- Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from Naval Postgraduate School
- DOUGLAS, Andre, Ph.D.
- Born 1986 in Miami FL.; hometown: Chesapeake, Virginia
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from U.S. Coast Guard Academy
- Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from University of Michigan
- Master of Science in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from University of Michigan
- Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering from John Hopkins University
- Doctorate in Systems Engineering from George Washington University
- HATHAWAY, Jack, Commander, U.S. Navy
- Born 1982 in South Windsor, Connecticut
- Bachelor of Science in Physics and History from U.S. Naval Academy
- Master of Science in Flight Dynamics from Cranfield University
- Master of Science in National Security and Strategic Studies from U.S. Naval War College
- Empire Test Pilot School
- MENON, S. Anil, M.D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force
- Born Oct. 15, 1976 in Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Bachelor of Science in Neurobiology from Harvard University
- Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University
- Doctor of Medicine, Stanford Medical School
- Residency of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University
- Fellowship in Wilderness Medicine, Stanford University
- Residency in Aerospace Medicine from University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
- Master of Science in Public Health from University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
- WILLIAMS, L. Christopher, Ph.D.
- Born 1983 in New York City, NY.; hometown: Potomac, Maryland
- Bachelor of Science in Physics from Stanford University
- Doctorate in Physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Residency Training at Harvard Medical Residency Program
- WITTNER, A. Jessica, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy Born
- 1983 Fresno, CA.; hometown: Clovis, California
- Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from University of Arizona
- U.S. Naval Test Pilot School
- Master of science in Aerospace Engineering from U.S. Naval Post Graduate School Naval Command and staff graduate from U.S. Naval War College
2.4 FORMER ASTRONAUTS & PAYLOAD SPECIALISTS
- ACTON, Loren W., Ph.D.
- Payload specialist
- Born March 7, 1936, in Lewiston, Mont.
- Bachelor of Science from Montana State University
- Doctorate from the University of Colorado
- STS-51F on Space Shuttle Challenger in 1985
- Total time in space: 7 days
- ADAMSON, James C., Colonel, U. S. Army (retired)
- Born March 3, 1946, in Warsaw, N.Y.
- Bachelor of Science in Engineering from the U.S. Military Academy
- Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University
- Graduate of the Navy Test Pilot School
- STS-28 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1989
- STS-43 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1991
- Total time in space: 13 days
- AKERS, Thomas D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born May 20, 1951, in St. Louis, Mo.; hometown: Eminence, Mo.
- Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Applied Mathematics from the Missouri University of Science and Technology
- STS-41 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1990
- STS-49 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992
- STS-61 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1993
- STS-79 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1996
- 4 spacewalks for a total time of 29 hours, 40 minutes
- Total time in space: 33 days
- ALDRIN, Buzz, Colonel, Ph.D., U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born January 20, 1930, in Montclair, N.J.
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the U.S. Military Academy
- Doctor of Science in Astronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Gemini 12 in 1966
- Apollo 11 in 1969
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 4 hours, 41 minutes
- Total time in space: 12 days
- ALLEN, Andrew M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (retired)
- Born Aug. 4, 1955, in Philadelphia, Pa.
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Villanova University
- Master’s in Business Administration from the University of Florida
- STS-46 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1992
- STS-62 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1994
- STS-75 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1996
- Total time in space: 37 days
- ALLEN, Joseph P., Ph.D.
- Born June 27, 1937, in Crawfordsville, Ind.
- Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics and Physics from DePauw University
- Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Physics from Yale University
- STS-5 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1982
- STS-51A on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1984
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 11 hours, 42 minutes
- Total time in space: 13 days
- ALTMAN, Scott D., Captain, U.S. Navy (retired)
- Born Aug. 15, 1959, in Lincoln, Ill.
- Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical & Astronautical engineering from the University of Illinois
- Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School
- STS-90 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1998
- STS-106 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2000
- STS-109 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 2002
- STS-125 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2009
- Total time in space: 51 days
- ANDERS, William A., Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (retired)
- Born Oct. 17, 1933, in Hong Kong
- Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Engineering from the U. S. Naval Academy
- Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology
- Apollo 8 in 1968
- Total time in space: 6 days
- ANDERSON, Clayton C.
- Born Feb. 23, 1959, in Omaha, Neb.;
- hometown: Ashland, Neb. Bachelor of Science in Physics from Hastings College
- Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from Iowa State University
- Expedition 15: STS-117 on Space Shuttle Atlantis (launch) and STS-120 on Space Shuttle Discovery (landing) in 2007
- STS-131 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2010
- 6 spacewalks for a total time of 38 hours, 28 minutes
- Total time in space: 166 days
- ANTONELLI, Dominic A., Commander, U.S. Navy
- Born August 23, 1967, in Detroit, Mich.
- Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics & Astronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Master of Science in Aeronautics & Astronautics from University of Washington
- STS-119 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2009
- STS-132 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2010
- Total time in space: 24 days
- APT, Jerome, Ph.D.
- Born April 18, 1949, in Springfield, Mass.; hometown: Pittsburgh, Pa.
- Bachelor of Arts in Physics from Harvard College
- Doctor of Philosophy in Physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- STS-37 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1991
- STS-47 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992
- STS-59 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994
- STS-79 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1996
- 2 spacewalks for a total time of 10 hours, 13 minutes
- Total time in space: 35 days
- ARCHAMBAULT, Lee J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born Aug. 25, 1960, in Oak Park, Ill.; hometown: Bellwood, Ill.
- Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in aeronautical/astronautical engineering from the University of Illinois-Urbana
- STS-117 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2007
- STS-119 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2009
- Total time in space: 26 days
- ASHBY, Jeffrey S., Captain, U.S. Navy (retired)
- Born June 16, 1954, in Dallas, Texas; hometown: Evergreen, Colo.
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Idaho
- Master of Science in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee
- Graduate of the Naval Test Pilot School
- Graduate of the Naval Fighter Weapons School (Top Gun)
- STS-93 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1999
- STS-100 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2001
- STS-112 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2002
- Total time in space: 27 days
- BAGIAN, James P., M.D.
- Born Feb. 22, 1952, in Philadelphia, Pa.
- Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University
- Doctor of Medicine from Thomas Jefferson University
- STS-29 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1989
- STS-40 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1991
- Total time in space: 14 days
- BAKER, Ellen S., M.D.
- Born April 27, 1953, in Fayetteville, N.C.; hometown: New York, N.Y.
- Bachelor of Arts in Geology from the State University of New York – Buffalo
- Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University
- Master of Public Health from the University of Texas
- STS-34 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1989
- STS-50 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1992
- STS-71 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1995
- Total time in space: 28 days
- BAKER, Michael A., Captain, U.S. Navy (retired)
- Born Oct. 27, 1953, in Memphis, Tenn.; hometown: Lemoore, Calif.
- Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas
- STS-43 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1991
- STS-52 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1992
- STS-68 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994
- STS-81 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1997
- Total time in space: 40 days
- BARRY, Daniel T, M.D., Ph.D.
- Born Dec. 30, 1953, in Norwalk, Conn.; hometown: South Hadley, Mass.
- Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University
- Master of Engineering from Princeton University
- Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering/computer science from Princeton University
- Doctor of Medicine from the University of Miami
- STS-72 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1996
- STS-96 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1999
- STS-105 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 2001
- 4 spacewalks for a total time of 25 hours, 49 minutes
- Total time in space: 30 days
- BARTOE, John-David F., Ph.D.
- Payload Specialist
- Born Nov. 17, 1944, in Abington, Pa.
- Bachelor of Science in Physics from Lehigh University
- Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy of Physics from Georgetown University
- SS-51F on Space Shuttle Challenger in 1985
- Total time in space: 7 days
- BEHNKEN, Robert L., Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force
- Born July 28, 1970, in Creve Coeur, Mo.; hometown: St. Ann, Mo.
- Bachelor of Science in Physics and Mechanical Engineering from Washington University
- Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering from California Institute of Technology
- STS-123 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2008
- STS-130 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2010
- Demo-2 and Expedition 63 on Crew Dragon Endeavour in 2020
- 10 spacewalks for a total time of 61 hours, 10 minutes
- Total time in space: 63 days
- BLAHA, John E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (retired)
- Born Aug. 26, 1942, in San Antonio, Texas
- Bachelor of Science in Engineering Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy
- Master of Science in Astronautical Engineering from Purdue University
- STS-29 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1989
- STS-33 on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1989
- STS-43 on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1991
- STS-58 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1993
- Mir: STS-79 on Space Shuttle Atlantis (launch) in 1996 and STS-81 on Atlantis (landing) in 1997
- Total time in space: 160 days
2.5 DECEASED ASTRONAUTS & PAYLOAD SPECIALISTS
- ANDERSON, Michael P., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force
- Born Dec. 25, 1959, in Plattsburgh, N.Y.; hometown: Spokane, Wash.
- Bachelor of Science in Physics/Astronomy from University of Washington
- Master of Science in Physics from Creighton University
- STS-89 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1998
- STS-107 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003
- Total time in space: 24 days, 18 hours, 8 minutes
- DIED: Feb. 1, 2003
- ARMSTRONG, Neil A.
- Born Aug. 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio
- Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from Purdue University
- Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from University of Southern California
- Gemini 8 in 1966
- Apollo 11 in 1969
- 1 spacewalk for a total time of 2 hours, 32 minutes
- Total time in space: 8 days, 13 hours, 59 minutes
- DIED: Aug. 25, 2012
3.0 U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUPS
GROUP 1 – Mercury Astronauts, April 1959: Carpenter/USN, Cooper/USAF, Glenn/USMC, Grissom/USAF, Schirra/USN, A. Shepard/USN, Slayton/USAF Reserves (7)
GROUP 2 – Pilot Astronauts, September 1962: Armstrong, Borman/USAF, Conrad/USN, Lovell/USN, McDivitt/USAF, See, Stafford/USAF, White/USAF, Young/USN (9)
GROUP 3 – Pilot Astronauts, October 1963: Aldrin/USAF, Anders/USAF, Bassett/USAF, Bean/USN, Cernan/USN, Chaffee/USN, M. Collins/USAF, Cunningham/USMC Reserves, Eisele/USAF, Freeman/USAF, Gordon/USN, Schweickart/ANG, D. Scott/USAF, C. Williams/USMC (14)
.
GROUP 4 – Scientist Astronauts, June 1965: Garriott, E. Gibson, Graveline, Kerwin/USN, Michel, Schmitt (6)
GROUP 5 – Pilot Astronauts, April 1966: Brand, Bull/USN, Carr/USMC, Duke/USAF, Engle/USAF, Evans/USN, Givens/USAF, Haise, Irwin/USAF, Lind/USNR, Lousma/USMC, Mattingly/USN, McCandless/USN, Mitchell/USN, Pogue/USAF, Roosa/USAF, Swigert, Weitz/USN, Worden/USAF (19)
GROUP 6 – Scientist Astronauts, August 1967: J. Allen, Chapman, England, Henize, Holmquest, Lenoir, Llewellyn, Musgrave, O’Leary, Parker, W. Thornton (11)
GROUP 7 – Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory Astronauts, August 1969: Bobko/USAF, Crippen/USN, Fullerton/USAF, Hartsfield/USAF, Overmyer/USMC, Peterson/USAF, Truly/USN (7)
GROUP 8 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1978: Bluford/USAF, Brandenstein/USN, Buchli/USMC, Coats/USN, Covey/USAF, Creighton/USN, Fabian/USAF, A. Fisher, D. Garner/USN, R. Gibson/USN, F. Gregory/USAF, Griggs/USNR, Hart/ANG, Hauck/USN, Hawley, Hoffman, Lucid, McBride/USN, McNair, Mullane/USAF, Nagel/USAF, Nelson, Onizuka/USAF, Resnik, Ride, Scobee/USAF, Seddon, Shaw/USAF, Shriver/USAF, Stewart/USA, Sullivan, Thagard, van Hoften/UNR, D. Walker/USN, D. Williams/USN (35)
GROUP 9 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1980: Bagian/USAFR, Blaha/USAF, Bolden/USMC, Bridges/USAF, Chang-Diaz, Cleave, Dunbar, W. Fisher, G. Gardner/USAF, Grabe/USAF, Hilmers/USMC, Leestma/USN, Lounge, O’Connor/USMC, R. Richards/USN, Ross/USAF, M. Smith/USN, Spring/USA, Springer/USMC (19)
GROUP 10 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1984: Adamson/USA, E. Baker, M. Brown/USAF, Cameron/USMC, Carter/USN, Casper/USAF, Culbertson/USN, Gutierrez/USAF, Hammond/USAF, Ivins, Lee/USAF, Low, McCulley/USN, W. Shepherd/USN, K. Thornton, Veach/ANG, Wetherbee/USN (17)
GROUP 11 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1985: Apt, M. Baker/USN, Cabana/USMC, Duffy/USAF, Gemar/USA, Godwin, Hendricks/USAF, Hieb, Jernigan, Meade/USAF, Oswald/USNR, Thorne/USN, Thuot/USN (13)
GROUP 12 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, August 1987: Akers/USAF, A. Allen/USMC, Bowersox/USN, C. Brown/USAF, Chilton/USAF, Davis, Foale, Harbaugh, Jemison, McMonagle/USAF, Melnick/USCG, Readdy/USN, Reightler/USN, Runco/USN, James Voss/USA (15)
GROUP 13 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1990: Bursch/USN, Chiao, Clifford/USA, Cockrell/USN, E. Collins/USAF, Currie (Sherlock) USA, W. Gregory/USAF, Halsell/USAF, Harris, Helms/USAF, Jones, W. McArthur/USA, Newman, Ochoa, Precourt/USAF, Searfoss/USAF, Sega/USAFR, D. Thomas, Janice Voss, Walz/USAF, Wilcutt/USMC, Wisoff, Wolf/ANG (23)
GROUP 14 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, March 1992: Barry, Brady/USN, Coleman/USAF, Gernhardt, Grunsfeld, Horowitz/USAF, Jett/USN, Kregel/, Lawrence/USN, Linenger/USN, Linnehan, Lopez-Alegria/USN, Parazynski, Rominger/USN, W. Scott/USN, S. Smith, Tanner, A. Thomas, M. Weber (19)
GROUP 15 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1995: Altman/USN, M. Anderson/USAF, Ashby/USN, Bloomfield/USAF, Chawla, Curbeam/USN, Edwards/USN, Gorie/USN, Hire/USNR, Husband/USAF, Kavandi, Lindsey/USAF, Lu, Melroy/USAF, Noriega/USMC, Reilly/USNR, S. Robinson, Kilrain (Still)/USN, Sturckow/USMC (19)
GROUP 16 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1996: D. Brown/USN, Burbank/USCG, Cagle/USAF, Caldeiro, Camarda, Carey/USAF, Clark/USN, Fincke/USAF, Forrester/USA, Frick/USN, Herrington/USN, Higginbotham, Hobaugh/USMC, J. Kelly/USAF, M. Kelly/USN, S. Kelly/USN, Lockhart/USAF, Loria/USMC, Magnus, Massimino, Mastracchio, McCool/USN, Morin/USN, Nowak/USN, Pettit, Phillips/USNR, Polansky, P. Richards, Sellers, Stefanyshyn-Piper/USN, Tani, Walheim/USAF, Whitson, J. Williams/USA, Wilson (35)
GROUP 17 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1998: C. Anderson, Archambault/USAF, Dyson (Caldwell), Chamitoff, Creamer/USA, Ferguson/USN, Foreman/USN, Fossum/USAFR, Ham/USN, G.C. Johnson/USNR, G.H. Johnson (Box)/USAF, Love, Melvin, B. Morgan, Oefelein/USN, Olivas, Patrick, Poindexter/USN, Reisman, Robertson, Swanson, Wheelock/USA, S. Williams/USN, Woodward/USN, Zamka/USMC (25)
GROUP 18 – Pilots and Mission Specialists, July 2000: Antonelli/USN, Barratt, Behnken/USAF, Boe/USAF, Bowen/USN, Drew/USAF, Feustel, Ford/USAF, Garan/USAF, Good/USAF, Hurley/USMC, Kopra/USA, M. McArthur, Nyberg, Stott, Virts/USAF, Wilmore/USN (17)
GROUP 19 – Pilots, Mission Specialists & Educator Mission Specialists, May 2004: Acaba (edu), Arnold (edu), Bresnik/USMC, Cassidy/USN, Dutton/USAF, Hernandez, Kimbrough/USA, Marshburn, Metcalf-Lindenburger (edu), Satcher, S. Walker (11)
GROUP 20 – U. S. Astronauts, July 2009 Aunon, Epps, Fischer/USAF, Hopkins/USAF, Lindgren, Rubins, Tingle/USN, Vande Hei/USA, Wiseman/USN (9)
GROUP 21 – U.S. Astronauts, June 2013 Cassada/USN, Glover/USN, Hague/USAF, Koch, Mann/USMC, McClain/USA, Meir, A. Morgan/USA (8)
GROUP 22– U.S. Astronauts, June 2017 Barron/USN, Cardman, Chari/USAF, Dominick/USN, Hines/USAF, Hoburg, Kim/USN, Moghbeli/USMC, O’Hara, Rubio/USA, Watkins
GROUP 23– U.S. Astronauts, December 2021 Ayers/USAF, Berrios/USAF, Birch, Burnham/USN, Delaney/USMC, Douglas, Hathaway/USN, Menon/USAF, Williams, Wittner/USN
4.0 CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR
In honor of NASA’s 20th anniversary, President Jimmy Carter visited NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center on October 1, 1978, and awarded the first Congressional Space Medal of Honor to six former astronauts. Authorized by Congress in 1969, the award recognized “any astronaut who in the performance of his duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind.” Recipients are recommended by the NASA Administrator and presented by the President of the United States. These astronauts received this special honor:
Neil A. Armstrong, for actions to overcome problems on the Gemini 8 mission and for Apollo 11 when he took his “…giant leap for mankind.”
Frank Borman, who commanded the Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 missions. The latter was the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon.
Charles Conrad, Jr., who participated in four space flights of increasing duration, complexity and achievement: Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. On the first manned Skylab mission, he commanded the crew that performed repairs to the damaged orbital workshop, thus saving the two-billion-dollar program from potential failure.
John H. Glenn, Jr., who in Mercury 6 was the first American to orbit the Earth. The success of his flight demonstrated the value of the human pilot in space.
Virgil I. Grissom (posthumously), the second American in space, who took part in Mercury and Gemini flights and lost his life during preparations for the first Apollo flight. He flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.
Alan B. Shepard, Jr., who was the first American in space, aboard Mercury 3. He also commanded the Apollo 14 mission.
Roger B. Chaffee (posthumously) was one of the third group of astronauts chosen but lost his life before his first flight during preparations for the first Apollo flight. President William Clinton awarded the medal on December 17, 1997.
Edward H. White (posthumously) piloted Gemini 4 and performed the first U.S. space walk, floating outside the capsule for 21 minutes. President William Clinton awarded the medal on December 17, 1997.
John W. Young, who demonstrated leadership, courage, and technical skill in a space flight career that spanned two decades and five (at that time) space flights pivotal to human progress in space. He flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, and STS-1 prior to receipt of the medal which was presented May 19, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan.
Thomas J. Stafford, who commanded the first flight of the lunar module to the Moon and the American crew that rendezvoused with a Soviet spacecraft in 1975. He was recognized for his past contributions, and for continuing to serve the Nation in charting a future vision for our space program. He flew on Gemini 6 and 9, Apollo 10, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Vice President Dan Quayle at the direction of President George Bush presented the medal in 1992.
James A. Lovell, who flew on Gemini 7 and 12, and Apollo 8 and 13, was presented the medal on July 26, 1995. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton especially commended Lovell for his performance on Apollo 13, which demonstrated, “the kind of resourcefulness, grit, and grace under pressure that is the province of heroes.”
Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days in space on the U.S. space shuttle and the Russian space station Mir, was presented the medal on December 2, 1996. Noting that the medal is given out sparingly because it honors “extraordinary service to the nation,” President Bill Clinton added that “Dr. Lucid achieved that kind of service for 188 days this year, the longest flight by an American in space, the longest time for any woman of any nation in space, five shuttle missions altogether.”
William Shepherd, who was the first astronaut to command a crew on the International Space Station, received the medal from President George W. Bush on January 15, 2003. Shepherd and the two other members of his crew spent 141 days in space, beginning a new era of international cooperation in space exploration.
Rick D. Husband, Willie C. McCool, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Michael P. Anderson, Laurel B. Clark and Ilan Ramon were posthumously presented the medal for their ultimate sacrifice in service to their nations and mankind. President George W. Bush presented the medal to their families on February 3, 2004.
Francis R. Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Judith A. Resnik, Ellison S. Onizuka, Ronald E. McNair, Gregory B. Jarvis and Sharon Christa McAuliffe were posthumously presented the medal for their ultimate sacrifice in service to their nation and mankind. President George W. Bush presented the medal to their families on July 23, 2004.
Robert Crippen was presented the medal for his dedicated service to the country as a military aviator, test pilot, engineer, and astronaut, including his assignment as pilot for the historic STS-1 mission, the first orbital spaceflight of the Space Shuttle program. In the same month as the 25th anniversary of STS-1, the medal was presented by NASA Administrator Michael Griffin in the name of President George W. Bush on April 26, 2006.
5.0 ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES
5.1 ASTRONAUT BIRTHPLACES
| STATE | ASTRONAUT | STATUS |
| Alabama (6) | Hartsfield, Henry Hire, Kathryn Jemison, Mae Thornton, Kathryn Voss, James S. Williams, Clifton C. | Deceased Former Former Former Former Deceased |
| Alaska (1) | Burnham, M. Deniz | Candidate |
| Arizona (3) | Birch, M. Christina Creamer, T. J. Smith, Steven | Candidate Management Former |
| Arkansas (2) | Covey, Richard Parazynski, Scott | Former Former |
5.2 ASTRONAUT HOMETOWNS
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | HOMETOWN |
| Acaba, Joseph M. | Management | Anaheim, Calif. |
| Adamson, James C. | Former | Woodbine, Md. |
| Akers, Thomas D. | Former | Eminence, Mo. |
| Aldrin, Buzz | Former | Montclair, N.J. |
5.3 ASTRONAUT COLLEGES
ALABAMA
- Auburn University (6)
- Former: J. Davis, T. Mattingly, K. Thornton, J.S. Voss
- Deceased: H. Hartsfield, C. Williams
- Troy State (4)
- Former: K. Ford, W. Gregory, J. Halsell, K. Kregel
- University of Alabama (2)
- Active: R.T. Hines
- Management: J. Kelly
- University of Alabama-Huntsville (1)
- Former: J. Davis
- University of Alabama-Birmingham (1)
- Management: L. Morin
- Air University (1)
- Active: V. Glover
- Air War College (1)
- Active: Randy Bresnik
ARIZONA
- University of Arizona (7)
- Active: J. Acaba, D. Pettit
- Former: T. Jones, S. Spring
- Deceased: F. Caldeiro, D. Scobee
- Candidate: C. Birch, J. Wittner
CALIFORNIA
- Naval Postgraduate School (37)
- Active: M. Dominick, V. Glover, J. Moghbeli,
Former: S. Altman, D. Bursch, M. Coats, R. Curbeam, C. Ferguson, M. Foreman, S.
Frick, K. Ham, J. Herrington, D. Hilmers, B. Jett, M. Kelly, D. Leestma, M. LopezAlgeria, J. Lousma, J. McBride, C. Noriega, L. Nowak, K. Reightler, K. Rominger,
W. Scott, R. Springer, J. Williams
Deceased: G. Carr, E. Cernan, R. Evans, W. McCool, E. Mitchell, R. Overmyer, A.
Poindexter, M. Smith, P. Weitz
Candidate: L. Delaney, J. Wittner
- Active: M. Dominick, V. Glover, J. Moghbeli,
- Stanford University (26)
- Active: M. Fincke, M. Hopkins, N. Mann, K. Rubins, M. Vande Hei, J. Watkins
Former: E. Collins, W. Fisher, S. Helms, M. Jemison, T. Jernigan, E. Lu, B. Morgan,
E. Ochoa, S. Parazynski, S. Robinson, S. Smith, J. Wisoff
Deceased: J. Bull, O. Garriott, D. Low, B. McCandless, S. Ride
Candidate: M. Berrios, A. Menon, C. Williams
Stanford Medical School (1)
Candidate: A. Menon
- Active: M. Fincke, M. Hopkins, N. Mann, K. Rubins, M. Vande Hei, J. Watkins
- California Institute of Technology (11)
- Former: F. Borman, G. Chamitoff, E. Gibson, C. Meade, R. Parker, G. Reisman, H.
Schmitt, R. Behnken
Deceased: C.G. Fullerton, C. Michel, R. Searfoss
- Former: F. Borman, G. Chamitoff, E. Gibson, C. Meade, R. Parker, G. Reisman, H.
- University of Southern California (11)
- Former: K. Bobko, C. Bolden, N. Currie, B. Duffy, J. Linenger, C. Noriega, K.
Reightler, P. Thuot
Deceased: N. Armstrong, G. Carr
Candidate: D. Burnham
- Former: K. Bobko, C. Bolden, N. Currie, B. Duffy, J. Linenger, C. Noriega, K.
- University of California-Berkeley (9)
- Active: W. Hoburg
Former: L. Chiao, T. Jernigan, D. Lind, M. Seddon, J. van Hoften, R. Walheim, M.
Weber
Deceased: B. O’Leary
- Active: W. Hoburg
- University of California-Los Angeles (9)
- Active: M. McArthur, J. Watkins
Former: V. Brand, W. Cunningham, A. Fisher, S. Musgrave, J. Phillips
Deceased: E. See
Candidate: D. Burnham
- Active: M. McArthur, J. Watkins
- California Polytechnic (4)
- Active: V. Glover
Former: G. Chamitoff, R. Gibson, R. Sturckow
- Active: V. Glover
- California State-Fresno (3)
- Former: D. McMonagle
Deceased: R. Husband, S. Nagel
- Former: D. McMonagle
- California State University-Fullerton (1)
- Active: T.C. Dyson
- California State University-Northridge (1)
- Former: S. Horowitz
- University of California-Santa Barbara (3)
- Active: J. Acaba
Former: L. Chiao, J. Hernandez
- Active: J. Acaba
- Golden Gate (2)
- Former: T. Henricks, C. Precourt
- Harvey Mudd (2)
- Management: S. Love
Former: G. Nelson
- Management: S. Love
- University of California-Davis (2)
- Active: T.C. Dyson
Former: S. Robinson
- Active: T.C. Dyson
- University of California-San Diego (3)
- Active: M. McArthur, K. Rubins
Candidate: D. Burnham
- Active: M. McArthur, K. Rubins
- University of California-Santa Cruz (2)
- Former: S. Hawley, K. Sullivan
- University of San Diego
- Active: M. Dominick, J. Kim
- San Diego State (1)
- Former: E. Ochoa
- San Francisco State (1)
- Management: Y. Cagle
- University of Pacific (1)
- Former: J. Hernandez
- Air University (1)
- Active: V. Glover
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (1)
- Active: J. Meir
COLORADO
- United States Air Force Academy (38)
Active: E. Boe, R. Chari, T. Hague, K. Lindgren
Management: B.A. Drew, J. Kelly
Former: J. Blaha, M. Bloomfield, K. Bobko, R. Bridges, C. Brown, J. Casper, K.
Chilton, R. Covey, B. Duffy, J. Dutton, J. Fischer, G. Gardner, R. Grabe, F. Gregory,
W. Gregory, S. Gutierrez, J. Halsell, B. Hammond, S. Helms, T. Hendricks, G.H.
Johnson, T. Jones, K. Kregel, M. Lee, S. Lindsey, D. McMonagle, C. Precourt, R.
Sega, L. Shriver, T. Virts
Deceased: R. Searfoss, C. Veach
Candidate: N. Ayers - University of Colorado (14)
Active: K. Lindgren
Former: V. Brand, J. Herrington, R. Hieb, M. Ivins, R. Sega, S. Swanson, J.S. Voss
Deceased: S. Carpenter, K. Chawla, M. Lounge, E. Onizuka, S. Roosa, J. Swigert - Colorado State (4)
Active: K. Lindgren
Former: M. Cleave, K. Rominger, J. van Hoften
CONNECTICUT
- Coast Guard Academy (3)
Former: D. Burbank, B. Melnick
Candidate: A. Douglas - University of Connecticut (2)
Former: F. Chang-Diaz, R. Mastracchio - Hartford (1)
Deceased: J. Swigert - Yale (1)
Former: J. Allen
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
- George Washington University (7)
Active: S. Auñón-Chancellor
Management: C. Camarda
Former: M. Coats, J. Creighton, F. Gregory, N. Woodward
Deceased: D. Griggs
Candidate: A. Douglas - Georgetown (1)
Deceased: B. O’Leary
FLORIDA
- Embry-Riddle University (6)
Management: A. Drew
Former: D. Burbank, R. Garan, S. Still-Kilrain, N. Stott, T. Virts - University of West Florida (6)
Former: J. Buchli, K. Cockrell, B. Melnick, B. O’Connor, J. Phillips
Deceased: R. Richards - Florida Institute of Technology (4)
Active: S. Williams
Former: J. Higginbotham, K. Hire, G. Zamka - University of Florida (3)
Former: W. Fisher, K. Ford, R. Garan - Florida State (2)
Former: W. Scott, N. Thagard - Atlantic (1)
Former: S. Swanson - University of Central Florida (2)
Former: N. Stott
Deceased: F. Caldeiro - University of Miami (1)
Former: D. Barry
University of North Florida (1)
Candidate: L. Delaney
GEORGIA
- Georgia Institute of Technology (14)
Active: E. Boe, R.S. Kimbrough, D. Wheelock
Former: M. Clifford, J. Davis, B. Hammond, S. Horowitz, T. Kopra, S. Magnus, W.
McArthur, S. Still-Kilrain, R. Truly
Deceased: A. Poindexter, J. Young - Emory (1)
Deceased: M. Carter
IOWA
- Cornell (1)
Former: D. Hilmers - Iowa State (1)
Former: C. Anderson - Wesleyan (1)
Former: P. Whitson
IDAHO
- Northwest Nazarene (1)
Former: R. Hieb - University of Idaho (1)
Former: J. Ashby
ILLINOIS
- University of Illinois (6)
Active: M. Hopkins
Former: S. Altman, L. Archambault, J. Tanner
Deceased: D. Gardner, S. Nagel - Northwestern (2)
Active: M. Barratt
Former: J. Kerwin - Southern Illinois University (1)
Former: J. Higginbotham - University of Chicago (1)
Former: J. Grunsfeld
INDIANA
- Purdue University (21)
Active: A. Feustel, L. O’Hara, S. Tingle
Former: J. Blaha, R. Bridges, M. Brown, J. Casper, R. Covey, G. Gardner,
G. Harbaugh, M. McCulley, M. Polansky, J. Ross, L. Shriver, M. Weber, D. Wolf
Deceased: N. Armstrong, E. Cernan, R. Chaffee, V. Grissom, D. Williams - Notre Dame (3)
Management: M. Good
Former: K. Ford, J. Wetherbee - DePauw University (1)
Former: J. Allen - Indiana University (1)
Former: D. Wolf
KANSAS
- United States Army Command and General Staff College (1)
Active: R. Chari - University of Kansas (4)
Active: L. O’Hara
Former: J. Engle, S. Hawley
Deceased: R. Evans
KENTUCKY
- University of Kentucky (1)
Former: S. Musgrave - Western Kentucky University (1)
Management: T. Wilcutt
LOUISIANA
- Tulane University (1)
Former: D. Hurley
MARYLAND
- United States Naval Academy (55)
Active: K. Barron, S. Bowen, C. Cassidy, R.T. Hines, N. A. Mann, S. Williams
Management: K. Bowersox, R. Cabana
Former: W. Anders, C. Bolden, J. Buchli, D. Bursch, M. Coats, J. Creighton, F.
Culbertson, R. Curbeam, C. Duke, J. Edwards, M. Foreman, S. Frick, D. Gorie, K.
Ham, K. Hire, C. Hobaugh, B. Jett, W. Lawrence, D. Leestma, J. Linenger, M.
Lopez-Alegria, C. Loria, J. Lovell, L. Nowak, B. O’Connor, S. Oswald, J. Phillips, W.
Readdy, K. Reightler, W. Shepherd, R. Springer, T. Stafford, P. Thuot, G. Zamka
Deceased: D. Eisele, T. Freeman, E. Givens, D. Griggs, J. Irwin, M. Lounge, B.
McCandless, W. McCool, W. Schirra, A. Shepard, M. Smith, S. Thorne, D. Walker
Candidate: J. Hathaway - United States Naval Test Pilot School (6)
Active: R. Chari, M. Dominick, J. Moghbeli
Candidate: M. Berrios, L. Delaney, J. Wittner - University of Maryland (5)
Active: J. Epps
Management: R. Arnold, P. Richards,
Deceased: W. McCool, J. Resnik - Johns Hopkins (2)
Active: G. R. Wiseman
Candidate: A. Douglas - Frostburg State University (1)
Management: R. Arnold - Loyola University (1)
Management: T.J. Creamer - Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (2)
Active: A. Morgan, F. Rubio
MASACHUSETTS
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (41)
Active: S. Bowen, R. Chari, M. Fincke, T. N. Hague, W. Hoburg, J. Moghbeli
Management: T.J. Creamer
Former: E. Aldrin, D. Antonelli, J. Apt, K. Cameron, C. Cassidy, G. Chamitoff, F.
Chang-Diaz, C. Coleman, C. Duke, A. England, J. Fischer, J. Grunsfeld, T. Hart, F.
Hauck, W. Lawrence, M. Lee, M. Massimino, P. Melroy, N. Patrick, R. Satcher, R.
Schweickart, D. Scott, W. Shepherd, H. Stefanyshyn-Piper, D. Tani, N. Woodward
Deceased: P. Chapman, W. Lenoir, R. McNair, E. Mitchell, J.E. Voss
Candidate: G. Berrios, C. Birch, C. Williams - Harvard University (7)
Active: J. Kim, S. Wilson
Management: R. Linnehan
Former: J. Hoffman, R. Satcher, H. Schmitt
Candidate: A. Menon
Harvard Medical School (1)
Candidate: C. Williams - Amherst (2)
Former: J. Hoffman, R. Parker - University of Massachusetts (1)
Former: C. Coleman - SE Massachusetts University (1)
Active: S. Tingle - Harvard College (1)
Former: J. Apt - Holy Cross (1)
Former: J. Kerwin - Tufts (1)
Former: R. Hauck - Williams College (1)
Deceased: B. O’Leary - Boston University (1)
Active: R.T. Hines
MICHIGAN
- University of Michigan (8)
Former: J. Lousma, J. McDivitt
Deceased: T. Freeman, K. Henize, J. Irwin, E. White, A. Worden
Candidate: A. Douglas - Albion College (1)
Active: J. Cassada - Oakland Community College (1)
Active: Andrew Feustel
MINNESOTA
- University of Minnesota (3)
Active: K. Lindgren
Former: D. Carey
Deceased: D. Slayton - St. John’s University (1)
Active: M. Vande Hei
MISSOURI
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (3)
Former: T. Akers, J. Kavandi, S. Magnus - University of Missouri-Columbia (2)
Former: L. Godwin
Deceased: R. Richards - Webster-Missouri (2)
Former: E. Collins, S. Gutierrez - Missouri Southern State University (1)
Former: J. Kavandi - Southeast Missouri State (1)
Former: L. Godwin - Washington University (1)
Former: R. Behnken
MISSISSIPPI
- Southern Mississippi (1)
Former: R. Stewart
MONTANA
- John Carroll University (1)
Former: C. Walz
NEBRASKA
- Creighton (1)
Deceased: M. Anderson - Hastings (1)
Former: C. Anderson - Wayne State (1)
Former: J. Linenger
NEW HAMPSHIRE
- University of New Hampshire (2)
Management: R. Linnehan, L. Morin - Dartmouth (1)
Former: J. Newman
NEW JERSEY
- Princeton (4)
Former: J. Adamson, D. Barry
Deceased: G. Carr, C. Conrad - Rutgers (2)
Former: T. Hart, M. Runco
NEW YORK
- United States Military Academy (21)
Active: R.S. Kimbrough, A. McClain, A. Morgan, F. Rubio, D. Wheelock,
Management: P. Forrester
Former: J. Adamson, E. Aldrin, F. Borman, M. Clifford, C. Gemar, T. Kopra, W.
McArthur, R. Mullane, D. Scott, S. Spring, J. Williams
Deceased: M. Collins, D. Peterson, E. White, A. Worden - Columbia University (6)
Former: K. Chilton, W. Gregory, G.H. Johnson, M. Massimino, S. Musgrave
Management: K. Bowersox - Cornell University (6)
Former: E. Baker, D. Barry, M. Jemison, E. Lu, D. Thomas
Deceased: D. Low - Rensselaer Polytechnic (3)
Active: G. R. Wiseman
Deceased: R. Mastracchio, J. Swigert - Merchant Marine Academy (2)
Former: M. Kelly
Deceased: E. See - State University of New York (2)
Former: E. Baker, R. Garan - Syracuse (2)
Former: E. Collins, S. Musgrave - City College (1)
Former: M. Runco - LeMoyne College (1)
Active: J. Epps - New York University (1)
Management: L. Morin - Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (1)
Management: C. Camarda - Rochester (2)
Active: J. Cassada
Former: E. Gibson - NY State-Farmingdale (1)
Deceased: F. Caldeiro - NY State-Maritime (1)
Former: S. Kelly
NORTH CAROLINA
- University of North Carolina (4)
Active: Z. Cardman
Former: J. Linenger
Deceased: C. Brady, W. Thornton - Davidson College (1)
Active: T. Marshburn - Duke University (1)
Deceased: C. Brady - Wake Forest (1)
Active: T. Marshburn - Agricultural & Technical State (1)
Deceased: R. McNair - North Carolina State University (1)
Active: C. Koch
NORTH DAKOTA
- University of North Dakota (1)
Former: K. Nyberg
OHIO
- Air Force Institute of Technology (12)
Former: W. Anders, G. Bluford, M. Brown, J. Fabian, K. Ford, M. Fossum, J. Halsell,
S. Lindsey, M. Mullane
Deceased: G. Cooper, D. Eisele, D. Peterson - United States Air Force Test Pilot School (2)
Active: B. Hines - The Ohio State University (3)
Management: R. Linnehan
Former: N. Currie, R. Sega - Baldwin-Wallace (1)
Deceased: R. Overmyer - Case Western (1)
Former: D. Thomas - Kent State (1)
Former: C. Walz - Marietta (1)
Former: S. Musgrave - Muskingum (1)
Deceased: J. Glenn - Wright State (1)
Active: M. Barratt
OKLAHOMA
- University of Oklahoma (3)
Former: F. Haise, S. Lucid
Deceased: O. Garriott - Oklahoma Baptist (1)
Deceased: W. Pogue - Oklahoma City (1)
Deceased: G. Cooper - Oklahoma State (1)
Deceased: W. Pogue
OREGON
- Oregon State (2)
Active: D. Pettit
Former: W. Oefelein
PENNSYLVANIA
- Drexel University (3)
Management: P. Richards
Former: J. Bagian, C. Ferguson - University of Pennsylvania (2)
Management: M. Gernhardt
Former: G. Reisman - Indiana University of Pennsylvania (1)
Deceased: P. Robertson - Carnegie-Mellon (2)
Deceased: E. Mitchell, J. Resnik - The Pennsylvania State University (2)
Former: G. Bluford
Deceased: P. Weitz - Lehigh (1)
Former: T. Hart - Pennsylvania Medical College (1)
Deceased: P. Robertson - Thomas Jefferson (1)
Former: J. Bagian - Villanova (1)
Former: A. Allen
RHODE ISLAND
- Naval War College (2)
Former: J. Williams
Candidate: J. Hathaway, J, Wittner - Brown University (2)
Active: J. Meir
Former: B. Lichtenberg
SOUTH CAROLINA
- The Citadel (1)
Active: R. Bresnik
TENNESSEE
- University of Tennessee-Knoxville (7)
- Active: B. Wilmore, R. Bresnik
- Former: J. Ashby, J. Edwards, D. Gorie, S. Kelly, M. Seddon
- Deceased: H. Hartsfield
- Tennessee Technical University (1)
- Active: B. Wilmore
- Vanderbilt (1)
- Former: M. Gernhardt
- Tennessee Space Institute (1)
- Former: W. Oefelein
TEXAS
- University Of Houston (7)
Former: N. Currie, B. Dunbar, B. Harris, D. Holmquest, S. Musgrave, J.D. Olivas, R.
Walheim - University of Texas (13)
Active: S. Auñón-Chancellor, S. Wilson
Former: M. Baker, K. Cockrell, R. Crippen, G.H. Johnson, P. Lockhart, C. Meade, K.
Nyberg, N. Thagard, N. Woodward
Deceased: A. Bean, K. Chawla - University of Texas-Health Science Center
Management: S. Auñón-Chancellor - Rice University (8)
Active: S. Walker
Former: J. Hoffman, T. Jernigan, J. Newman, D. Olivas, P. Whitson
Deceased: J. Bull
Candidate: N. Ayers - University of Houston-Clear Lake (7)
Active: M. Fincke
Former: G. Bluford, G. Chamitoff, M. Fossum, G. Harbaugh, R. Mastracchio
Deceased: B. McCandless - Texas Tech (4)
Former: B. Harris, P. Lockhart
Deceased: C. Bassett, R. Husband - Texas A&M (2)
Former: M. Fossum, S. Swanson - University of Texas-Arlington (1)
Former: R. Stewart - University of Texas-Medical Branch (3)
Active: K. Lindgren, T. Marshburn
Candidate: A. Menon - Baylor University (1)
Former: D. Holmquest - University of Texas-Dallas (1)
Former: J. Reilly - University of Texas-El Paso (1)
Former: D. Olivas - Univ. of Texas-Public Health (1)
Former: E. Baker
UTAH
- University of Utah (1)
Former: D. Lind - Utah State (1)
Former: M. Cleave
VERMONT
- University of Vermont (1)
Deceased: D. Graveline
VIRGINIA
- University of Virginia (6)
Active: T. Marshburn
Management: P. Forrester
Former: L. Melvin, K. Thornton, J. Wisoff
Deceased: K. Henize - East Virginia Medical (1)
Deceased: D. Brown - Old Dominion (1)
Former: M. Bloomfield - Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1)
Management: C. Camarda - William & Mary (1)
Deceased: D. Brown - University of Richmond (1)
Former: L. Melvin - Washington & Lee (1)
Deceased: D. Low
WASHINGTON
- University of Washington (12)
Active: M. Barratt
Management: Y. Cagle, S. Love
Former: D. Antonelli, B. Dunbar, J. Dutton, J. Fabian, G.C. Johnson, J. Kavandi, G.
Nelson
Deceased: M. Anderson, R. Gordon - Washington State (1)
Former: J. Fabian - Whitman College (1)
Former: D. Metcalf-Lindenburger
WISCONSIN
- University of Wisconsin-Madison (2)
Former: B. Shaw
Deceased: L. Clark - University of Wisconsin-River Falls (1)
Former: D. Brandenstein
6.0 NASA ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES
ARGENTINA: F. Caldeiro
AUSTRALIA: P. Chapman, P. Scully-Power, A. Thomas
BRAZIL: M. Pontes
CANADA: G. Chamitoff, C. Hadfield, J. Hansen, J. Payette, D. Saint-Jacques, R. Thirsk, D. R. Williams
CHINA: W. Anders, S. Lucid, T. Wang
COSTA RICA: F. Chang-Diaz
DENMARK: A. Mogensen
ENGLAND: M. Foale, G.H. Johnson, N. Patrick, T. Peake, P. Sellers
FRANCE: L. Eyharts, T. Pesquet
GERMANY: A. Gerst, H. Schlegel, S. Thorne, J. Moghbeli
INDIA: K. Chawla
ITALY: M. Collins, P.
NETHERLANDS: L. Van Den Berg
PACIFIC ISLANDS: J. Newman
PERU: C. Noriega
SPAIN: M. Lopez-Alegria
SWITZERLAND: C. Nicollier
SWEDEN: C. Fuglesang
TAIWAN: K. Lindgren
TURKEY: D. Burnham
VIETNAM: E. Trinh
WALES: J. Llewellyn
7.0 ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS
EAGLE:
Astronaut Candidate: J. Hathaway, C. Williams Active: R. Chari, K. Lindgren, D. Pettit
Management: P. Forrester, K. Bowersox
Former: J. Adamson, J. Bagian, G. Bluford, K. Bowersox, C. Brady, G. Chamitoff, R. Covey, J. Creighton, C. Duke, M. Fossum, W. Gregory, J. Hoffman, G.H. Johnson, T. Jones, M. Lee, D. Lind, S. Lindsey, J. Lovell, M. McCulley, B. O’Leary, S. Oswald, S. Parazynski, K. Reightler, J. Tanner, R. Truly
Deceased: N. Armstrong, G. Carr, M. Carter, R. Chaffee, D. Eisele, G.H. Fullerton, S.D. Griggs, J. Llewellyn (King’s Scout, U.K.), W. McCool, E. Onizuka, R. Searfoss, E. See, D. Walker
GIRL SCOUT:
Active: K. Barron, C. Koch, N. Mann, M. McArthur, J. Meir, L. O’Hara, K. Rubins, J. Watkins, S. Williams
Management: S. Auñón-Chancellor, Y. Cagle
Former: E. Collins, N. Currie-Gregg, J. Davis, A. Fisher, S. Helms, J. Higginbotham, K. Hire, T. Jernigan, S. Kilrain (Still), W. Lawrence, S. Magnus, D. Metcalf-Lindenburger, B. Morgan, L. Nowak, H. Stefanyshyn-Piper, M.R. Seddon, K. Sullivan, K. Thornton, M. Weber
Deceased: L. Clark, J.E. Voss
8.0 MILITARY ASTRONAUTS
8.1 UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | Rank | Branch |
| Akers, Thomas D. | Former | Lt. Colonel (Ret.) | USAF |
| Aldrin, Edwin (Buzz) | Former | Colonel (Ret.) | USAF |
8.2 UNITED STATES ARMY
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | Rank | Branch |
| Adamson, James C. | Former | Colonel (Ret.) | USA |
8.3 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | Rank | Branch |
| Burbank, Daniel C. (Dan) | Former | Captain (Ret.) | USCG |
| Melnick, Bruce E. | Former | Commander (Ret.) | USCG |
8.4 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | Rank | Branch |
8.5 UNITED STATES NAVY
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | Rank | Branch |
8.6 UNITED STATES SPACE FORCE
| ASTRONAUT | STATUS | Rank | Branch |
| Hague, Tyler N. | Active | Colonel | USSF |
| Hopkins, Michael S | Former | Colonel | USSF |
9.0 U.S. SPACE PROGRAM HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
9.1 PRE-SHUTTLE SPACE FLIGHT
MERCURY-REDSTONE
Mercury 3 Shepard, Alan B. May 5, 1961 15 min – 28 sec
Mercury 4 Grissom, Virgil I. July 21, 1961 15 min – 37 sec
Mercury 6 Glenn, John H. Feb. 20, 1962 4 hr – 55 min – 23 sec
Mercury 7 Carpenter, Scott M. May 24, 1962 4 hr – 56 min – 05 sec
Mercury 8 Schirra, Walter M. Oct. 3, 1962 9 hr – 13 min – 11 sec
Mercury 9 Cooper, L. Gordon May 5-15, 1963 34 hr – 19 min – 49 sec
GEMINI-TITAN
Gemini III Grissom, Virgil I.
Young, John W. March 23, 1965 4 hr – 52 min – 31 sec
Gemini IV McDivitt, James A.
White, Edward H. June 3-7, 1965 97 hr – 56 min – 12 sec
Gemini V Cooper, L. Gordon
Conrad, Charles Aug. 21-29, 1965 190 hr – 55 min – 14 sec
Gemini VII Borman, Frank
Lovell, James A. Dec. 4-18, 1965 330 hr – 35 min – 01 sec
Gemini VI-A Schirra, Walter M.
Stafford, Thomas P. Dec. 15-16, 1965 25 hr – 51 min – 24 sec
Gemini VIII Armstrong, Neil A.
Scott, David R. March 16, 1966 10 hr – 41 min – 26 sec
Gemini IX-A Stafford, Thomas P.
Cernan, Eugene A. June 3-6, 1966 72 hr – 20 min – 50 sec
Gemini X Young, John W.
Collins, Michael July 18-21, 1966 70 hr – 46 min – 39 sec
Gemini XI Conrad, Charles
Gordon, Richard F. Sept. 12-15, 1966 71 hr – 17 min – 08 sec
Gemini XII Lovell, James A.
Aldrin, Buzz Nov. 11-15, 1966 94 hr – 34 min – 31 sec
APOLLO-SATURN
Apollo 7 Schirra, Walter M.
Eisele, Donn F.
Cunningham Walter Oct. 11-22, 1968 260 hr – 09 min – 03 sec
Apollo 8 Borman, Frank
Lovell, James A.
Anders, William A. Dec. 21-27, 1968 147 hr – 00 min – 42 sec
Apollo 9 McDivitt, James A.
Scott, David R.
Schweickart, Russell L. March 3-13, 1969 241 hr – 00 min – 54 sec
Apollo 10 Stafford, Thomas P.
Young, John W.
Cernan, Eugene A. May 18-26, 1969 192 hr – 23 min – 23 sec
Apollo 11 Armstrong, Neil A.
Collins, Michael
Aldrin, Buzz July 16-24, 1969 195 hr – 18 min – 35 sec
Apollo 12 Conrad, Charles
Gordon, Richard F.
Bean, Alan L. Nov. 14-24, 1969 244 hr – 36 min – 24 sec
Apollo 13 Lovell, James A.
Swigert, John L.
Haise, Fred W. April 11-17, 1970 142 hr – 54 min – 41 sec
Apollo 14 Shepard, Alan B.
Roosa, Stuart A. Jan. 31 –
Mitchell, Edgar D. Feb.9, 1971 216 hr – 01 min – 58 sec
Apollo 15 Scott, David R.
Worden, Alfred M. July 26 –
Irwin, James B. Aug. 7, 1971 305 hr – 11 min – 53 sec
Apollo 16 Young, John W.
Mattingly, Thomas K.
Duke, Charles M. April 16-27, 1972 265 hr – 51 min – 05 sec
Apollo 17 Cernan, Eugene A.
Evans, Ronald E.
Schmitt, Harrison H. Dec. 7-19, 1972 301 hr – 51 min – 59 sec
SKYLAB
Skylab SL-2 Conrad, Charles
Kerwin, Joseph P. May 25 –
Weitz, Paul J. June 22, 1973 672 hr – 49 min – 49 sec
Skylab SL-3 Bean, Alan L.
Garriott, Owen K. July 28 –
Lousma, Jack R. Sept. 25, 1973 1427 hr – 09 min – 04 sec
Skylab SL-4 Carr, Gerald P.
Gibson, Edward G. Nov. 16, 1973 –
Pogue, William R. Feb. 8, 1974 2017 hr – 16 min – 00 sec
APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP)
Stafford, Thomas P.
Brand, Vance D.
Slayton, Donald K. July 15-24, 1975 223 hours – 28 min – sec
9.2 SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM MISSIONS
9.3 COMMERCIAL CREW PROGRAM MISSIONS
| Flight Vehicle | Duration Days/Hrs/Min Orbits Miles, sm | Date Launch, Location Landing, Location | Time Launch Landing | |
| DM-2 | Hurley, Douglas G. – CDR | 63 days | 30 May 2020, KSC 39-A | 02:22 p.m. CST |
| Endeavor | Behnken, Robert L. – JOC | 1,024 orbits | 02 Aug 2020, GOM | 03:48 p.m. CST |
| 27.1 million sm | ||||
| Crew-1 | Hopkins, Michael S. – CDR | 167 days | 16 Nov 2020, KSC 39-A | 08:27 p.m. CST |
| Resilience | Glover, Victor J. – PLT | 2,688 orbits | 02 May 2021, GOM | 01:56 a.m. CST |
| Walker, Shannon – MS | 71.1 million sm | |||
| Noguchi, Soichi – MS (Japan) | ||||
| Crew-2 | Kimbrough, R. Shane – CDR | 198 days | 23 April 2021, KSC 39-A | 04:49 a.m. CST |
| Endeavor | McArthur, K. Megan – PLT | 3,194 orbits | 9 November 2021, GOM | 9:33 p.m. CST |
| Pesquet, Thomas – MS (ESA) | 84,653,119 sm | |||
| Hoshide, Aki – MS (Japan) | ||||
| Crew-3 | Chari, Raja – CDR | 177 days | 10 November 2021, KSC 39-A | 8:03 p.m. CST |
| Endurance | Marshburn, Thomas – PLT | 2,832 orbits | 6 May 2022, GOM | 11:43 p.m. CST |
| Barron, Kayla – MS | 75,060,792 sm | |||
| Maurer, Matthias – MS (ESA) | ||||
| Crew-4 | Lindgren, Kjell – CDR | 170 days | 27 April 2022, KSC 39-A | 2:52 a.m. CST |
| Freedom | Hines, Robert – PLT | 2,720 orbits | 14 Oct. 2022, GOM | 3:55 p.m. CST |
| Watkins, Jessica – MS | 72,168,935 sm | |||
| Cristoforetti, Samantha – MS (ESA) | ||||
| Crew-5 | Mann, Nicole – CDR | 157 days | 5 Oct. 2022, KSC 39-A | 11 a.m. CST |
| Endurance | Cassada, Josh – PLT | 2,512 orbits | 11 March 2023, GOM | 8:07 p.m. CST |
| Wakata, Koichi – MS (JAXA) | 66,577,531 sm | |||
| Kikina, Anna – MS (ROSCOSMOS) | ||||
| Crew-6 | Bowen, Stephen – CDR | 186 days | 2 March 2023, KSC 39-A | 11:34 p.m. CST |
| Endeavour | Hoburg, Warren – PLT | 2, 976 orbits | 3 Sept. 2023, GOM | 11:17 p.m. CST |
| Alneyadi, Sultan – MS (UAE) | 78,875,292 sm | |||
| Fedyaev, Andrey – MS (ROSCOSMOS) | ||||
| Crew-7 | Moghbeli, Jasmin – CDR | 26 Aug. 2023, KSC 39-A | 2:37 a.m. CST | |
| Endurance | Mogensen, Andreas (ESA) – PLT | |||
| Furukawa, Satoshi (JAXA) – MS | ||||
| Borisov, Konstantin – MS (ROSCOSMOS) |
9.4 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION EXPEDITIONS
William Shepherd – Yuri Gidzenko – Sergei Krikalev
Launch: October 2000
Land: March 2001
141 days
Yury Usachev – Jim Voss – Susan Helms
Launch: March 2001
Land: August 2001
167 days
Frank Culbertson – Vladimir Dezhurov – Mikhail Tyurin
Launch: August 2001
Land: December 2001
129 days
Yury Onufrienko – Carl Walz – Daniel Bursch
Launch: December 2001
Land: June 2002
196 days
Valery Korzum – Sergei Treschev – Peggy Whitson
Launch: June 2002
Land: December 2002
185 days
Ken Bowersox – Nikolai Budarin – Donald Pettit
Launch: November 2002
Land: May 2003
161 days
Expedition 7 Up with Expedition 8/Down with Expedition 7
Yuri Malenchenko – Ed Lu Pedro Duque
Launch: April 2003 Launch & Land: October 2003
Land: October 2003 10 days
185 days
Expedition 8 Up with Expedition 9/Down with Expedition 8
Mike Foale – Alexander Kaleri Andre Kuipers
Launch: October 2003 Launch & Land: April 2004
Land: April 2004 11 days
195 days
Expedition 9 Up with Expedition 10/Down with Expedition 9
Gennady Padalka – Michael Fincke Yuri Shargin
Launch: April 2004 Launch & Land: October 2004
Land: October 2004 10 days
188 days
Expedition 10 Up with Expedition 11/Down with Expedition 10
Leroy Chiao – Salizhan Sharipov Roberto Vittori
Launch: October 2004 Launch & Land: April 2005
Land: April 2005 10 days
193 days
Sergei Krikalev – John Phillips
Launch: April 2005
Land: October 2005 (with Greg Olson)
179 days
William McArthur – Valery Tokarev
Launch: October 2005 (with Greg Olson)
Land: April 2006
190 days
Expedition 13 Expedition 13 & Expedition 14
Pavel Vinogradov – Jeffrey Williams Thomas Reiter
Launch: March 2006 Launch: July 2006
Land: September 2006 Land: December 2006
183 days 171 days
Expedition 14 Expedition 14 & Expedition 15
Mike Lopez-Alegria – Mikhail Tyurin Sunita Williams
Launch: September 2006 Launch: December 2006
Land: April 2007 Land: June 2007
215 days 194 days
Expedition 15 Expedition 15 & Expedition 16
Fyodor Yurchikhin – Oleg Kotov Clay Anderson
Launch: April 2007 Launch: June 2007
Land: October 2007 Land: November 2007
196 days 152 days
Peggy Whitson – Yuri Malenchenko Dan Tani
Launch: October 2007 Launch: October 2007
Land: April 2008 Land: February 2008
192 days 120 days
Expedition 16 Expedition 16 & Expedition 17
Leopold Eyharts Garrett Reisman
Launch: February 2008 Launch: March 2008
Land: March 2008 Land: June 2008
48 days 95 days
Expedition 17 Expedition 17 & Expedition 18
Sergey Volkov – Oleg Kononenko Gregory Chamitoff
Launch: April 2008 Launch: May 2008
Land: October 2008 Land: November 2008
199 days 183 days
Expedition 18 Expedition 18 & Expedition 19
Michael Fincke – Yuri Lonchakov Koichi Wakata
Launch: October 2008 Launch: March 2009
Land: April 2009 Land: July 2009
178 days 137 days
Sandy Magnus
Launch: November 2008
Land: March 2009
134 days
Gennady Padalka – Michael Barratt
Launch: March 2009
Land: October 2009
199 days
Roman Romanenko – Frank DeWinne – Robert Thirsk
Launch: May 2009
Land: December 2009
187 days
Tim Kopra
Launch: July 2009
Land: September 2009
58 days
Jeffrey Williams – Maxim Suraev
Launch: September 2009
Land: March 2010
169 days
Nicole Stott
Launch: August 2009
Land: November 2009
91 Days
Oleg Kotov – Soichi Noguchi – Timothy Creamer
Launch: December 2009
Land: June 2010
163 days
Aleksandr Skvortsov – Mikhail Kornienko – Tracy C. Dyson
Launch: April 2010
Land: September 2010
176 days
Douglas Wheelock – Fyodor Yurchikhin – Shannon Walker
Launch: June 2010
Land: November 2010
163 days
Scott Kelly – Aleksandr Kaleri – Oleg Skripochka
Launch: October 2010
Land: March 2011
159 days
Dmitri Kondratyev – Catherine Coleman – Paolo Nespoli
Launch: December 2010
Land: May 2011
159 days
Andrey Borisenko – Aleksandr Samokutyaev – Ronald Garan
Launch: April 2011
Land: September 2011
164 days
Michael Fossum – Sergey Volkov – Satoshi Furukawa
Launch: June 2011
Land: November 2011
167 days
Daniel Burbank – Anton Shkaplerov – Anatoly Ivanishin
Launch: November 2011
Land: April 2012
165 days
Oleg Kononenko – Donald Pettit – Andre Kuipers
Launch: December 2011
Land: July 2012
192 days
Gennadi Padalka – Sergei Revin – Joseph Acaba
Launch: May 2012
Land: September 2012
123 Days
Sunita Williams – Yuri Malenchenko – Aki Hoshide
Launch: July 2012
Land: November 2012
127 Days
Kevin Ford – Oleg Novitsky – Yevgeni Tarelkin
Launch: October 2012
Land: March 2013
144 Days
Chris Hadfield – Roman Romanenko – Tom Marshburn
Launch: December 2012
Land: May 2013
146 Days
Pavel Vinogradov – Aleksander Misurkin – Chris Cassidy
Launch: March 2013
Land: September 2013
166 Days
Fyodor Yurchikhin – Luca Parmitano – Karen Nyberg
Launch: May 2013
Land: November 2013
166 Days
Oleg Kotov – Sergey Ryzansky – Mike Hopkins
Launch: September 2013
Land: March 2014
167 days
Koichi Wakata – Mikhail Tyurin – Rick Mastracchio
Launch: November 2013
Land: May 2014
188 days
Steve Swanson – Aleksandr Skvortsov – Oleg Artemiev
Launch: March 2014
Land: September 2014
169 days
Makin Suraev – Reid Wiseman – Alexander Gerst
Launch: June 2014
Land: November 2014
165 days
Barry Wilmore – Alexander Samokutyaev – Yelena Serova
Launch: September 2014
Land: March 2015
167 days
Anton Shkaplerov – Samantha Cristoforetti – Terry Virts
Launch: November 2014
Land: May 2015
199 days
Gennady Padalka
Launch: March 2015
Land: October 2015
168 days
Expedition 43, Expedition 44, Expedition 45, Expedition 46
Scott Kelly – Mikhail Kornienko
Launch: March 2015
Land: March 2016
340 days
Oleg Kononenko – Kjell Lindgren – Kimiya Yui
Launch: May 2015
Land: March 2016
141 days
Sergey Volkov
Launch: October 2015
Land: March 2016
182 days
Visiting Crew
Andreas Mogensen – Aidyn Aimbetov
Launch: with Volkov, October 2015
Land: with Padalka, October 2015
10 days
Yuri Malenchenko – Tim Kopra – Timothy Peake
Launch: December 2015
Land: June 2016
186 days
Jeff Williams – Alexey Ovchinin – Oleg Skripochka
Launch: March 2016
Land: September 2016
172 days
Anatoly Ivanishin – Kate Rubins – Takuya Onishi
Launch: July 2016
Land: October 2016
115 days
Shane Kimbrough – Sergey Ryzhikov – Andrey Borisenko
Launch: October 2016
Land: April 2017
173 days
Oleg Novistsky – Thomas Pesquet
Launch: November 2016
Land: June 2017
196 days
Expedition 50, Expedition 51 & Expedition 52
Peggy Whitson
Launch: November 2016
Land: September 2017
288 days
Jack Fischer – Fyodor Yurchikhin
Launch: April 2017
Land: September 2017
136 days
Sergey Ryazanskiy – Randy Bresnik – Paolo Nespoli
Launch: July 2017
Land: December 2017
139 days
Alexander Misurkin – Joseph Acaba – Mark Vande Hei
Launch: September 2017
Land: February 2018
168 days
Anton Shkaplerov – Scott Tingle – Norshige Kanai
Launch: December 2017
Land: June 2018
168 days
Oleg Aremyev – Drew Feustel – Ricky Arnold
Launch: March 2018
Land: October 2018
197 days
Alexander Gerst – Serena Auñón-Chancellor – Sergey Prokopyev
Launch: June 2018
Land: December 2018
197 days
Oleg Kononenko – Anne McClain – David St. Jacques
Launch: December 2018
Land: June 2019
204 days
Aleksey Ovchinin – Nick Hague – Christina H. Koch
Launch: March 14, 2019
Land: October 3, 2019
204 days
Andrew Morgan – Luca Parmitano – Aleksandr Skvortsov
Launch: July 20, 2019
Land: February 6, 2020 (Christina H. Koch landed with Expedition 60-61)
202 days
Andrew Morgan – Jessica Meir – Oleg Skripochka
Launch: September. 25, 2019
Land: April 17, 2020
206 days
Christopher Cassidy – Anatoli Ivanishin – Ivan Vagner
Launch: April 9, 2020
Land: October 21, 2020
196 days
Doug Hurley – Bob Behnken
Launch: May 30, 2020
Land: August 2, 2020
65 days
Sergey Ryzhikov – Sergey Kud-Sverchkov – Kathleen Rubins
Launch: October 14, 2020
Land: April 17, 2021
181 days
Michael Hopkins – Victor Glover – Soichi Noguchi – Shannon Walker
Launch: November 16, 2020
Land: May 2, 2021
168 days
Oleg Novitsky
Launch: April 17, 2021
Land: October 17, 2021
Expedition 64, 65, & 66
Pyotr Dubrov – Mark Vande Hei, Oleg Novitskiy
Launch: April 17, 2021
Land: March 30, 2022
355 days
Akihiko Hoshide – Shane Kimbrough – Megan McArthur – Thomas Pesquet
Launch: April 23, 2021
Land: November 9, 2021
199 days
Raja Chari – Thomas Mashburn – Matthias Maurer – Kayla Barron
Launch: November 11, 2021
Land: May 6, 2022
177 days
Expedition 66 & 67
Oleg Artemyev – Denis Matveev – Sergey Korasov
Launch: March 18, 2022
Landing: September 29, 2022
195 days
Kjell Lindgren – Robert Hines – Jessica Watkins – Samantha Cristoforetti
Launch: April 27, 2022
Landing: October 14, 2022
170 days
Expedition 67, 68 & 69
Frank Rubio – Dmitri Petelin – Sergey Prokopyev
Launch: September 21, 2022
Landing: September 27, 2023
371 days
Expedition 68
Nicole Mann – Josh Cassada – Kiochi Wakata – Anna Kikina
Launch: October 5, 2022
Landing: March 11, 2023
157 days
Expedition 69
Stephen Bowen – Warren Hoburg – Sultan Alneyadi – Andrey Fedyaev
Launch: March 2, 2023
Landing: September 4, 2023
186 days
Expedition 70
Jasmin Moghbeli – Andreas Mogensen – Satoshi Furukawa – Konstantin Borisov
Launch: September 26, 2023
Expedition 69 & 70
Loral O’Hara – Oleg Kononeko – Nikolai Chub
Launch: September 15, 2023
9.5 SPACEWALK STATISTICS FOR U.S. ASTRONAUTS
| ASTRONAUT | # OF SPACEWALKS | TIME |
| Michael E. Lopez-Algeria | 10 | 67 hours – 40 minutes |
| Steve G. Bowen | 10 | 65 hours – 57 minutes |
| Andrew J. Feustel | 9 | 61 hours – 48 minutes |
| Robert L. Behnken | 10 | 61 hours – 10 minutes |
| Peggy A. Whitson | 10 | 60 hours – 21 minutes |