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NASA is seeking effective countermeasures to reduce the biological damage produced by ionizing radiation during human spaceflight missions, as well as treatments for acute radiation syndrome symptoms to prevent mission operational impacts. Space radiation field differs dramatically in composition, and the biological effects are varied for low dose-rate compared with acute irradiation. Both preflight countermeasures to reduce the effects of spaceflight exposures to chronic exposures to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and post exposure countermeasures to treat large intense solar-particle events (SPE) which could produce acute radiation syndromes are of interest.