NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Scientists recently discovered a new frontier in the race to find life outside our solar system. Dying red giant stars may bring icy planets back from the dead. Once-frozen planets and moons may provide a new breeding ground for life as their stars enter the last, and brightest, phase of their lives. Previous ideas about the search for extra-solar life had excluded these regions.

Image left: A sun-like star grows into its red giant phase, increasing in size and luminosity. Energy in the form of heat can now reach a once-frozen and dead moon. The icy surface quickly melts into liquid water, filling in old craters with warmer seas. The stage is now set for the possible formation of new life. Credit: NASA. Click on the image above for a .mpg movie

An international team of astronomers estimates that the emergence of new life on a planet is possible within the red giant phase. "Our result indicates that searches for life-giving worlds outside our solar system should include planets around old stars," said Dr. Bruno Lopez of the Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice, France. Lopez and his colleagues estimate that more than 150 red giant stars are close enough - within 100 light years - for upcoming or proposed missions to search for the signatures of life on distant worlds. A light year is the distance light travels in one year, almost six trillion miles!

Location, Location, Location

One of the secrets of Earth's success in producing life is its location within the sphere of the Sun's habitable zone. This sphere intersects the plane of the solar system to create a special donut-shaped boundary that outlines where water can exist as a liquid in our solar system, a necessity for the development of life. Get too far from the Sun - and it's a lonely icebox. Too close - and the water evaporates into space, never to return again.

Image right: Our planet lies within the Sun's habitable zone. This donut-shaped boundary outlines where water can exist as a liquid in our solar system, a necessity for the development of life. As the Sun develops into old age, its habitable zone will expand with it, changing the locales where liquid water can splash and life may one day thrive. Credit: NASA. Click on the image above for a .mpg movie

While the Earth currently sits well within this donut of life, our Sun is evolving and will one day grow to be a red giant star. Its habitable zone will expand with it, changing the locales where liquid water can splash and life may one day thrive.

Image left: Although Mars is now very dry, this sequence illustrates what Mars would look like today if it still had the massive amount of water researchers believe was present at its formation. An elevation map was created from a topographic survey by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, and a computer artist filled in the ancient Martian ocean. Credit: NASA. Click on the image above for a .mpg movie

In Light of the Sun, Mars May Be a Sound Investment

Lying just inside the outer limit of our Sun's habitable zone, Mars remains a frozen world today because of its thin atmosphere. However, when the Sun becomes a red giant a few billion years from now, Mars may become the happening place to be. "Mars will be in the habitable zone for a couple billion years, so Martian life may get a second chance," said Dr. William Danchi of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

In 2003, researchers monitored the amount of ice on Mars during its winter and spring seasons. In some regions, the water-ice content was more than 90% by volume. Scientists suspect that this water used to fill the planet's now-dry lakes and seas. One day in the distant future, the frozen water on Mars may fill these dry basins again and bring forth new life in our solar system.

Image right: In 2003, researchers monitored the amount of water-ice on Mars, which is more than 90% in some areas. This sequence begins with a "true-color" mosaic of Mars from the Viking orbiter and ends with a visualization of water ice concentration, shown in blue, during the Martian summer months. Credit: NASA. Click on the image above for a .mpg movie

Red Giants Redefine the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Life

The same holds true for planets and moons as they orbit their own red giant suns. Billions of years ago, these stars were similar to our Sun. Imagine the events as they unfolded: A Sun-like star explodes into its red giant phase, growing tremendously in size and brightness. Warm rays from the star reach out to a once-frozen and dead moon. The solitary satellite's icy top layer quickly melts into liquid water, which creeps across the surface and fills old dusty craters with warmer seas. The stage is set for the birth of new life in the moon's now-vibrant oceans.

Currently, there are at least 150 red giant stars within 100 light years of Earth and many of them may have orbiting planets capable of supporting life. A new frontier has opened for planet-hunters around the world.

Image left: Researchers estimate that the time required for the emergence of new life fits within the Red Giant phase, adding to the number of stars that may have Earth-like planets orbiting them. The Kepler Mission will look for tiny dips in the brightness of a star when a planet crosses in front of it, known as a transit. Credit: NASA. Click on the image above for a .mpg movie

One such endeavor, NASA's Kepler mission, hopes to discover smaller Earth-like planets outside our solar system. Looking for tiny dips in the brightness of a star when a planet crosses in front of it, researchers will observe about 100,000 stars in one small patch of sky for four years. Kepler is set for launch in 2007.

High Resolution Images available:

+ Habitable Zone Image 1
+ Habitable Zone Image 2
+ A New Life Image 1
+ A New Life Image 2
+ Wet Mars Image 1
+ Wet Mars Image 2
+ Locked Ice Image 1
+ Locked Ice Image 2

Liz Smith
Bill Steigerwald

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center